Contraception
Volume 71, Issue 3 , Pages 162-169 , March 2005

Twenty micrograms vs. >20 μg estrogen oral contraceptives for contraception: systematic review of randomized controlled trials

Received 28 August 2004 ,Accepted 13 September 2004.

References 

  1. Gerstman BB, Gross TP, Kennedy DL, Bennett RC, Tomita DK, Stadel BV. Trends in the content and use of oral contraceptives in the United States, 1964–88. Am. J. Public Health. 1991;81:90–96
  2. Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Breast cancer and hormonal contraceptives: collaborative reanalysis of individual data on 53297 women with breast cancer and 100239 women without breast cancer from 54 epidemiological studies. Lancet. 1996;347:1713–1727
  3. Anonymous . Oral contraceptives and cardiovascular risk. Drug Ther. Bull. 2000;38:1–5
  4. Hatcher RA, Guillebaud J. The pill: combined oral contraceptives. In:  Hatcher RA,  Trussell J,  Stewart F, et al. editor. Contraceptive technology. 17th revised edition. New York: Ardent Media; 1998;p. 405–466
  5. Wallach M, Grimes DA. Modern oral contraception. 1st ed.. Totowa (NJ): Emron; 2000;
  6. International Planned Parenthood Federation. IPPF Directory of Hormonal Contraceptives. Retrieved from the World Wide Web. http://contraceptive.ippf.org[Feb 2002]
  7. Guillebaud J. Practical prescribing of the combined oral contraceptive pill. In:  Filshie M,  Guillebaud J editor. Contraception: science and practice. London: Butterworth & Co.; 1989;p. 69–93
  8. Elstein M. Low dose contraceptive formulations: is further reduction in steroid dosage justified?. Adv. Contracep. 1994;10:1–4
  9. Belsey EM, Machin D, d'Arcangues C. The analysis of vaginal bleeding patterns induced by fertility regulating methods. World Health Organization Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction. Contraception. 1986;34:253–260
  10. Miller L, Notter KM. Menstrual reduction with extended use of combination oral contraceptive pills: randomized controlled trial. Obstet. Gynecol. 2001;98:771–778
  11. Rosenberg MJ, Waugh MS. Oral contraceptive discontinuation: a prospective evaluation of frequency and reasons. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 1998;179:577–582
  12. Rosenberg MJ, Long SC. Oral contraceptives and cycle control: a critical review of the literature. Adv. Contracep. 1992;8(Suppl. 1):35–45
  13. Maitra N, Kulier R, Bloemenkamp K, Helmerhorst F, Gulmezoglu A. Progestogens in combined oral contraceptives for contraception. The Cochrane library, issue 3. Chichester (UK): John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.; 2004;
  14. Ness RB, Grisso JA, Klapper J, et al. Risk of ovarian cancer in relation to estrogen and progestin dose and use characteristics of oral contraceptives. SHARE Study Group Steroid Hormones and Reproductions. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2000;152:233–241
  15. Holt VL, Daling JR, McKnight B, Moore D, Stergachis A, Weiss NS. Functional ovarian cysts in relation to the use of monophasic and triphasic oral contraceptives. Obstet. Gynecol. 1992;79:529–533
  16. Thiboutot D, Archer DF, Lemay A, Washenik K, Roberts J, Harrison DD. A randomized, controlled trial of a low-dose contraceptive containing 20 μg of ethinyl estradiol and 100 μg of levonorgestrel for acne treatment. Fertil. Steril. 2001;76:461–468
  17. Moher D, Pham B, Klassen TP, et al. What contributions do languages other than English make on the results of meta-analyses?. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 2000;53:964–972
  18. Juni P, Holenstein F, Sterne J, Bartlett C, Egger M. Direction and impact of language bias in meta-analyses of controlled trials: empirical study. Int. J. Epidemiol. 2002;31:115–123
  19. Trussell J. Dynamics of reproductive behavior and population change. In:  Hatcher RA,  Trussell J,  Stewart F, et al. editor. Contraceptive technology. 17th revised edition. New York: Ardent Media; 1998;p. 745–777
  20. Rothman KJ, Greenland S. Approaches to statistical analysis. In:  Rothman KJ,  Greenland S editor. Modern epidemiology. 2nd ed.. New York: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 1998;p. 183–199
  21. Moher D, Schulz KF, Altman DG. The CONSORT statement: revised recommendations for improving the quality of reports of parallel-group randomised trials. Lancet. 2001;357:1191–1194
  22. Appel TB, Kambi AA, Birdsall C, et al. A comparison of a new graduated estrogen formulation with three constant-dosed oral contraceptives. Contraception. 1987;35:523–532
  23. Bounds W, Vessey M, Wiggins P. A randomized double-blind trial of two low dose combined oral contraceptives. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 1979;86:325–329
  24. Task Force on Oral Contraception, WHO Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction . A randomized, double-blind study of six combined oral contraceptives. Contraception. 1982;25:231–241
  25. Endrikat J, Klipping C, Gerlinger C, et al. A double-blind comparative study of the effects of a 23-day oral contraceptive regimen with 20 μg ethinyl estradiol and 75 μg gestodene and a 21-day regimen with 30 μg ethinyl estradiol and 75 μg gestodene on hemostatic variables, lipids, and carbohydrate metabolism. Contraception. 2001;64:235–241
  26. Akerlund M, Rode A, Westergaard J. Comparative profiles of reliability, cycle control and side effects of two oral contraceptive formulations containing 150 micrograms desogestrel and either 30 micrograms or 20 micrograms ethinyl oestradiol. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 1993;100:832–838
  27. Endrikat J, Muller U, Dusterberg B. A twelve-month comparative clinical investigation of two low-dose oral contraceptives containing 20 micrograms ethinylestradiol/75 micrograms gestodene and 30 micrograms ethinylestradiol/75 micrograms gestodene, with respect to efficacy, cycle control, and tolerance. Contraception. 1997;55:131–137
  28. Reisman H, Martin D, Gast MJ. A multicenter randomized comparison of cycle control and laboratory findings with oral contraceptive agents containing 100 μg levonorgestrel with 20 μg ethinyl estradiol or triphasic norethindrone with ethinyl estradiol. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 1999;181:45–52
  29. Haag U. Technologies for automating randomized treatment assignment in clinical trials. Drug Inf. J. 1998;32:7–11
  30. Teichmann AT, Brill K, Albring M, Schnitker J, Wojtynek P, Kustra E. The influence of the dose of ethinylestradiol in oral contraceptives on follicle growth. Gynecol. Endocrinol. 1995;9:299–305
  31. Hampton RM, Short M, Bieber E, et al. Comparison of a novel norgestimate/ethinyl estradiol oral contraceptive (Ortho Tri-Cyclen Lo) with the oral contraceptive Loestrin Fe 1/20. Contraception. 2001;63:289–295
  32. Brill K, Then A, Beisiegel U, Jene A, Wunsch C, Leidenberger F. Investigation of the influence of two low-dose monophasic oral contraceptives containing 20 micrograms ethinylestradiol/75 micrograms gestodene and 30 micrograms ethinylestradiol/75 micrograms gestodene, on lipid metabolism in an open randomized trial. Contraception. 1996;54:291–297
  33. Winkler UH, Schindler AE, Endrikat J, Dusterberg B. A comparative study on the effects on the hemostatic system of two monophasic gestodene oral contraceptives containing 20 micrograms and 30 micrograms ethinylestradiol. Contraception. 1996;53:75–84
  34. Chavez A, DelConte A. A comparison of cycle control with monophasic levonorgestrel/ethinylestradiol 100 micrograms/20 micrograms vs triphasic norethindrone/ethinylestradiol 500–750–1000 micrograms/35 micrograms: a multicenter, randomized, open-label study. Eur. J. Contracept. Reprod. Health Care. 1999;4:75–83
  35. Inauen W, Stocker G, Haeberli A, Straub PW. Effects of low and high dose oral contraceptives on blood coagulation and thrombogenesis induced by vascular subendothelium exposed to flowing human blood. Contraception. 1991;43:435–446
  36. Bruni V, Croxatto H, De La Cruz J, et al. A comparison of cycle control and effect on well-being of monophasic gestodene-, triphasic gestodene- and monophasic desogestrel-containing oral contraceptives. Gestodene study group. Gynecol. Endocrinol. 2000;14:90–98
  37. Kirkman RJ, Pedersen JH, Fioretti P, Roberts HE. Clinical comparison of two low-dose oral contraceptives, Minulet and Mercilon, in women over 30 years of age. Contraception. 1994;49:33–46
  38. Taneepanichskul S, Kriengsinyot R, Jaisamrarn U. A comparison of cycle control, efficacy, and side effects among healthy Thai women between two low-dose oral contraceptives containing 20μg ethinylestradio1/75 μg gestodene (Meliane) and 30 μg ethinylestradio1/75 μg gestodene (Gynera). Contraception. 2002;66:407–409
  39. Spona J, Elstein M, Feichtinger W, et al. Shorter pill-free interval in combined oral contraceptives decreases follicular development. Contraception. 1996;54:71–77
  40. Basdevant A, Conard J, Pelissier C, et al. Hemostatic and metabolic effects of lowering the ethinyl–estradiol dose from 30 mcg to 20 mcg in oral contraceptives containing desogestrel. Contraception. 1993;48:193–204
  41. Norris LA, Bonnar J. The effect of oestrogen dose and progestogen type on haemostatic changes in women taking low dose oral contraceptives. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 1996;103:261–267
  42. Schulz KF, Grimes DA. Allocation concealment in randomised trials: defending against deciphering. Lancet. 2002;359:614–618
  43. Lexchin J, Bero LA, Djulbegovic B, Clark O. Pharmaceutical industry sponsorship and research outcome and quality: systematic review. BMJ. 2003;326:1167–1170

PII: S0010-7824(04)00272-0

doi: 10.1016/j.contraception.2004.09.005

Contraception
Volume 71, Issue 3 , Pages 162-169 , March 2005

Article Tools