Contraception
Volume 73, Issue 3 , Pages 229-234 , March 2006

Safety and efficacy of an extended-regimen oral contraceptive utilizing continuous low-dose ethinyl estradiol

  • Freedolph D. Anderson

      Affiliations

    • The Jones Institute for Reproductive Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507-1627, USA
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. 1223 Lawson Cove Circle, Virginia Beach, VA 23455-6826, USA.
  • ,
  • William Gibbons

      Affiliations

    • The Jones Institute for Reproductive Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507-1627, USA
  • ,
  • David Portman

      Affiliations

    • Columbus Center for Women's Health Research, Columbus, OH 43213-1562, USA

Received 3 May 2005 ,Revised 1 September 2005 ,Accepted 6 September 2005.

References 

  1. Perone N. The progestins. In:  Goldzeiher JW editors. Pharmacology of the contraceptive steroids. New York: Raven Press; 1994;p. 5–19
  2. Sulak PJ, Scow RD, Preece C, Riggs MW, Kuehl TJ. Hormone withdrawal symptoms in oral contraceptive users. Obstet Gynecol. 2000;95:261–266
  3. Spona J, Elstein M, Feichtinger W, et al. Shorter pill-free interval in combined oral contraceptives decreases follicular development. Contraception. 1996;54:71–77
  4. Killick SR, Fitzgerald C, Davis A. Ovarian activity in women taking an oral contraceptive containing 20 microg ethinyl estradiol and 150 microg desogestrel: effects of low estrogen doses during the hormone-free interval. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1998;179:S18–S24
  5. Anderson FD, Hait H. A multicenter, randomized study of an extended cycle oral contraceptive. Contraception. 2003;68:89–96
  6. Anderson FD, Hait H, Hsiu J, Thompson-Graves AL, Wilborn WH, Williams RF. Endometrial microstructure after long-term use of a 91-day extended-cycle oral contraceptive regimen. Contraception. 2005;71:55–59
  7. Everhart JE, Khare M, Hill M, Maurer KR. Prevalence and ethnic differences in gallbladder disease in the United States. Gastroenterology. 1999;117:632–639
  8. Elomaa K, Rolland R, Brosens I, et al. Omitting the first oral contraceptive pills of the cycle does not automatically lead to ovulation. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1998;179:41–46
  9. Hamilton CJ, Hoogland HJ. Longitudinal ultrasonographic study of the ovarian suppressive activity of a low-dose triphasic oral contraceptive during correct and incorrect pill intake. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1989;161:1159–1162
  10. Hedon B, Cristol P, Plauchut A, et al. Ovarian consequences of the transient interruption of combined oral contraceptives. Int J Fertil. 1992;37:270–276
  11. Kuhl H, Gahn G, Romberg G, Marz W, Taubert HD. A randomized cross-over comparison of two low-dose oral contraceptives upon hormonal and metabolic parameters: I. Effects upon sexual hormone levels. Contraception. 1985;31:583–593
  12. Pierson RA, Archer DF, Moreau M, Shangold GA, Fisher AC, Creasy GW. Ortho Evra/Evra versus oral contraceptives: follicular development and ovulation in normal cycles and after an intentional dosing error. Fertil Steril. 2003;80:34–42
  13. Teichmann AT, Brill K, Albring M, Schnitker J, Wojtynek P, Kustra E. The influence of the dose of ethinylestradiol in oral contraceptives on follicle growth. Gynecol Endocrinol. 1995;9:299–305
  14. Schlaff WD, Lynch AM, Hughes HD, Cedars MI, Smith DL. Manipulation of the pill-free interval in oral contraceptive pill users: the effect on follicular suppression. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004;190:943–951
  15. Audet MC, Moreau M, Koltun WD, et al. Evaluation of contraceptive efficacy and cycle control of a transdermal contraceptive patch vs an oral contraceptive: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2001;285:2347–2354
  16. Bannemerschult R, Hanker JP, Wunsch C, Fox P, Albring M, Brill K. A multicenter, uncontrolled clinical investigation of the contraceptive efficacy, cycle control, and safety of a new low dose oral contraceptive containing 20 micrograms ethinyl estradiol and 100 micrograms levonorgestrel over six treatment cycles. Contraception. 1997;56:285–290
  17. Comparato MR, Yabur JA, Bajares M. Contraceptive efficacy and acceptability of a monophasic oral contraceptive containing 30 microg ethinyl estradiol and 150 microg desogestrel in Latin-American women. Adv Contracep. 1998;14:15–26
  18. Suthipongse W, Taneepanichskul S. An open-label randomized comparative study of oral contraceptives between medications containing 3 mg drospirenone/30 μg ethinylestradiol and 150 μg levonogestrel/30 μg ethinylestradiol in Thai women. Contraception. 2004;69:23–26
  19. Winkler UH, Ferguson H, Mulders JA. Cycle control, quality of life and acne with two low-dose oral contraceptives containing 20 μg ethinylestradiol. Contraception. 2004;69:469–476
  20. Kwiecien M, Edelman A, Nichols MD, Jensen JT. Bleeding patterns and patient acceptability of standard or continuous dosing regimens of a low-dose oral contraceptive: a randomized trial. Contraception. 2003;67:9–13
  21. Bolger N, Davis A, Rafaeli E. Diary methods: capturing life as it is lived. Annu Rev Psychol. 2003;54:579–616
  22. Sillem M, Schneidereit R, Heithecker R, Mueck AO. Use of an oral contraceptive containing drospirenone in an extended regimen. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2003;8:162–169
  23. Sulak PJ, Carl J, Gopalakrishnan I, Coffee A, Kuehl TJ. Outcomes of extended oral contraceptive regimens with a shortened hormone-free interval to manage breakthrough bleeding. Contraception. 2004;70:281–287
  24. Sulak PJ, Cressman BE, Waldrop E, Holleman S, Kuehl TJ. Extending the duration of active oral contraceptive pills to manage hormone withdrawal symptoms. Obstet Gynecol. 1997;89:179–183
  25. Sulak PJ, Kuehl TJ, Ortiz M, Shull BL. Acceptance of altering the standard 21-day/7-day oral contraceptive regimen to delay menses and reduce hormone withdrawal symptoms. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002;186:1142–1149

PII: S0010-7824(05)00366-5

doi: 10.1016/j.contraception.2005.09.010

Contraception
Volume 73, Issue 3 , Pages 229-234 , March 2006