Contraception
Volume 73, Issue 4 , Pages 376-381 , April 2006

Bleeding patterns after use of levonorgestrel emergency contraceptive pills

  • Elizabeth G. Raymond

      Affiliations

    • Family Health International, PO Box 13950, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +1 919 405 1460; fax: +1 208 275 6440.
    • ,
  • Alisa Goldberg

      Affiliations

    • Planned Parenthood League of Massachusetts, Boston, MA, USA
    • ,
  • James Trussell

      Affiliations

    • Office of Population Research, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
    • ,
  • Melissa Hays

      Affiliations

    • Family Health International, PO Box 13950, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
    • ,
  • Elizabeth Roach

      Affiliations

    • Planned Parenthood League of Massachusetts, Boston, MA, USA
    • ,
  • Douglas Taylor

      Affiliations

    • Family Health International, PO Box 13950, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA

Received 6 July 2005 ,Revised 12 October 2005 ,Accepted 17 October 2005.

References 

  1. von Hertzen H, Piaggio G, Ding J, et al. Low dose mifepristone and two regimens of levonorgestrel for emergency contraception: a WHO multicentre randomised trial. Lancet. 2002;360:1803–1810
  2. Arowojolu AO, Okewole IA, Adekunle AO. Comparative evaluation of the effectiveness and safety of two regimens of levonorgestrel for emergency contraception in Nigerians. Contraception. 2002;66:269–273
  3. Arowojolu AO, Okewole IA. Vaginal bleeding following the use of a single dose of 1.5 mg levonorgestrel (LNG) for emergency contraception. West Afr J Med. 2004;23:191–193
  4. Ngai SW, Fan S, Li S, et al. A randomized trial to compare 24 h versus 12 h double dose regimen of levonorgestrel for emergency contraception. Hum Reprod. 2005;20:307–311
  5. Hamoda H, Ashok PW, Stalder C, Flett GM, Kennedy E, Templeton A. A randomized trial of mifepristone (10 mg) and levonorgestrel for emergency contraception. Obstet Gynecol. 2004;104:1307–1313
  6. Raymond EG, Chen PL, Dalebout SM. “Actual use” study of emergency contraceptive pills provided in a simulated over-the-counter manner. Obstet Gynecol. 2003;102:17–23
  7. WHO Task Force on Postovulatory Methods of Fertility Regulation . Randomised controlled trial of levonorgestrel versus the Yuzpe regimen of combined oral contraceptives for emergency contraception. Lancet. 1998;352:428–433
  8. Ho PC, Kwan MS. A prospective randomized comparison of levonorgestrel with the Yuzpe regimen in post-coital contraception. Hum Reprod. 1993;8:389–392
  9. Wynn L, Trussell J. The morning after on the internet: usage of and questions to the emergency contraception website. Contraception. 2005;72:5–13
  10. Treolar AE, Boynton RE, Behn RG, Brown BW. Variation of the human menstrual cycle through reproductive life. Int J Fertil. 1967;12:77–126
  11. Emergency Contraceptive Pills . Medical and service delivery guidelines. 2nd ed.. Washington (DC): International Consortium for Emergency Contraception; 2004;
  12. Raymond EG, Chen PL, Luoto J. Contraceptive effectiveness and safety of five nonoxynol-9 spermicides: a randomized trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2004;103:430–439
  13. Rodriguez G, Faundes-Latham A, Atkinson LE. An approach to the analysis of menstrual patterns in the critical evaluation of contraceptives. Stud Fam Plann. 1976;7:42–51
  14. Belsey EM, Pinol AP, Task Force on Long-acting Systemic Agents for Fertility Regulation . Menstrual bleeding patterns in untreated women. Contraception. 1997;55:57–65
  15. Croxatto HB, Ortiz ME, Muller AL. Mechanisms of action of emergency contraception. Steroids. 2003;68:1095–1098
  16. Cooper GS, Sandler DP, Whelan EA, Smith KR. Association of physical and behavioral characteristics with menstrual cycle patterns in women age 29–31 years. Epidemiology. 1996;7:624–628

PII: S0010-7824(05)00424-5

doi: 10.1016/j.contraception.2005.10.006

Contraception
Volume 73, Issue 4 , Pages 376-381 , April 2006

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