Contraception
Volume 76, Issue 2 , Pages 111-116 , August 2007

Effect of a single vaginal administration of levonorgestrel in Carraguard® gel on the ovulatory process: a potential candidate for “dual protection” emergency contraception

  • Vivian Brache

      Affiliations

    • PROFAMILIA, Biomedical Research Department, P.O. Box 1053, Santo Domingo 10401, Dominican Republic
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +1 809 681 8357.
    • ,
  • Horacio Croxatto

      Affiliations

    • Instituto Chileno de Medicina Reproductiva (ICMER), Jose Victorino Lastarria 29, Santiago 6500970, Chile
    • ,
  • Regine Sitruk-Ware

      Affiliations

    • Population Council, Center for Biomedical Research, New York, NY 10021, USA
    • ,
  • Robin Maguire

      Affiliations

    • Population Council, Center for Biomedical Research, New York, NY 10021, USA
    • ,
  • Juan Carlos Montero

      Affiliations

    • Instituto Chileno de Medicina Reproductiva (ICMER), Jose Victorino Lastarria 29, Santiago 6500970, Chile
    • ,
  • Narender Kumar

      Affiliations

    • Population Council, Center for Biomedical Research, New York, NY 10021, USA
    • ,
  • Ana Maria Salvatierra

      Affiliations

    • Instituto Chileno de Medicina Reproductiva (ICMER), Jose Victorino Lastarria 29, Santiago 6500970, Chile
    • ,
  • Ana Sofia Tejada

      Affiliations

    • PROFAMILIA, Biomedical Research Department, P.O. Box 1053, Santo Domingo 10401, Dominican Republic
    • ,
  • Leila Cochón

      Affiliations

    • PROFAMILIA, Biomedical Research Department, P.O. Box 1053, Santo Domingo 10401, Dominican Republic
    • ,
  • María Luisa Forcelledo

      Affiliations

    • Instituto Chileno de Medicina Reproductiva (ICMER), Jose Victorino Lastarria 29, Santiago 6500970, Chile
    • ,
  • Pekka Lahteenmaki

      Affiliations

    • Population Council, Center for Biomedical Research, New York, NY 10021, USA
    • ,
  • Francisco Alvarez

      Affiliations

    • PROFAMILIA, Biomedical Research Department, P.O. Box 1053, Santo Domingo 10401, Dominican Republic
    • ,
  • Anibal Faundes

      Affiliations

    • PROFAMILIA, Biomedical Research Department, P.O. Box 1053, Santo Domingo 10401, Dominican Republic

Received 10 February 2007 ,Revised 18 April 2007 ,Accepted 22 April 2007.

References 

  1. Baba M, Nakajima M, Schols D, Pauwels R, Balzarini J, De Clercq E. Pentosan polysulfate, a sulfated oligosaccharide, is a potent and selective anti-HIV agent in vitro. Antiviral Res. 1988;9:335–343
  2. Pearce-Pratt R, Phillips DM. Sulfated polysaccharides inhibit lymphocyte-to-epithelial transmission of HIV-1. Biol Reprod. 1996;54:173–182
  3. Zacharopoulos VR, Phillips DM. Vaginal formulations of carrageenan protect mice from herpes simplex virus infection. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 1997;4:465–468
  4. Jerse AE. Experimental gonococcal genital tract infection and opacity protein expression in estradiol-treated mice. Infect Immun. 1999;67:5699–5708
  5. Maguire R, Bergman N, Phillips DM. Comparison of microbicides for efficacy in protecting mice against vaginal challenge with herpes simplex virus type 2, cytotoxicity, antibacterial properties, and sperm immobilization. Sex Transm Dis. 2001;28:259–265
  6. Spencer SE, Valentin-Bon IE, Whaley K, Jerse AE. Inhibition of Neisseria gonorrhoeae genital tract infection by leading-candidate topical microbicides in a mouse model. J Infect Dis. 2004;189:410–419
  7. Elias CJ, Coggins C, Alvarez F, et al. Colposcopic evaluation of a vaginal gel formulation of iota-carrageenan. Contraception. 1997;56:387–389
  8. Coggins C, Blanchard K, Alvarez F, et al. Preliminary safety and acceptability of a carrageenan gel for possible use as a vaginal microbicide. Sex Transm Infect. 2000;76:480–483
  9. Kilmarx PH, van de Wilgert JH, Chaikummao S, et al. Safety and acceptability of the candidate microbicide Carraguard in Thai women: findings from a Phase II clinical trial. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2006;43:327–334
  10. Sitruk-Ware R, Brache V, Maguire R, et al. Pharmacokinetic study to compare the absorption and tolerability of two doses of levonorgestrel following single vaginal administration of levonorgestrel in Carraguard® gel: a new formulation for “dual protection” contraception. Contraception 2007;75:454−60.
  11. Wilcox AJ, Weinberg CR, Baird DD. Timing of sexual intercourse in relation to ovulation. Effects on the probability of conception, survival of the pregnancy and sex of the baby. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:1517–1521
  12. Croxatto HB, Brache V, Pavez M, et al. Pituitary–ovarian function following the standard levonorgestrel emergency contraceptive dose or a single 0.75 mg dose given on the days preceding ovulation. Contraception. 2004;70:442–450
  13. Massai R, Forcelledo ML, Brache V, et al. Does meloxicam increase the incidence of anovulation induced by single administration of levonorgestrel in emergency contraception? A pilot study. Hum Reprod. 2007;22:434–439
  14. Johansson E, Brache V, Alvarez F, et al. Pharmacokinetic study of different dosing regimens of levonorgestrel for emergency contraception in healthy women. Hum Reprod. 2002;17:1472–1476
  15. Tremblay D, Gainer E, Ulmann A. The pharmacokinetics of 750 μg levonorgestrel after administration of one single dose or two doses at 12- or 24-h interval. Contraception. 2001;64:327–331
  16. Kook K, Gabelnick H, Duncan G. Pharmacokinetics of levonorgestrel 0.75 mg tablets. Contraception. 2002;66:73–76
  17. Alvarez F, Faundes A, Johansson E, Coutinho E. Blood levels of levonorgestrel in women following vaginal placement of contraceptive pills. Fertil Steril. 1983;40:120–123
  18. Kives S, Hahn P, White E, Stanczyk FZ, Reid R. Bioavailability of the Yuzpe and levonorgestrel regimens of emergency contraception: vaginal vs. oral administration. Contraception. 2005;71:197–201
  19. Devoto L, Fuentes A, Palomino A, et al. Pharmacokinetics and endometrial tissue levels of levonorgestrel alter administration of a single 1.5-mg dose by the oral and vaginal route. Fertil Steril. 2005;84:46–51
  20. De Ziegler D, Bulletti C, De Monstier B, Jaaskelainen AS. The first uterine pass effect. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1997;828:291–299
  21. Roumen FJME, Dieben TOM. Comparison of uterine concentrations of ethinyl estradiol and etonogestrel after use of a contraceptive vaginal ring and an oral contraceptive. Fertil Steril. 2006;85:57–62
  22. Alexander NJ, Baker E, Kaptein M, Karck U, Miller L, Zampaglione E. Why consider vaginal drug administration?. Fertil Steril. 2004;82:1–12
  23. Von Hertzen H, Piaggio G, Ding J, et al. Low dose mifepristone and two regimens of levonorgestrel for emergency contraception: a WHO multicentre randomised trial. Lancet. 2002;360:1803–1810
  24. WHO Task Force on Postovulatory Methods of Fertility Regulation . Efficacy and side effects of immediate postcoital levonorgestrel used repeatedly for contraception. Contraception. 2000;61:303–308
  25. Dupont S, Webber J, Dass K, Thornton S. Emergency contraceptive pill (ECP) and sexual risk behaviour. Int J STD AIDS. 2002;13:482–485
  26. Fairhurst K, Ziebland S, Wyke S, Seaman P, Glasier A. Emergency contraception: why can't you give it away? Qualitative findings from an evaluation of advanced provision of emergency contraception. Contraception. 2004;70:25–29

PII: S0010-7824(07)00178-3

doi: 10.1016/j.contraception.2007.04.005

Contraception
Volume 76, Issue 2 , Pages 111-116 , August 2007

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution