Contraception
Volume 77, Issue 1 , Pages 1-5 , January 2008

Reducing unintended pregnancy in the United States

  • James Trussell

      Affiliations

    • Office of Population Research, Wallace Hall, Princeton University, Princeton NJ 08544, USA
    • The Hull York Medical School, Hertford Building, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +1 609 333 6964; fax: +1 609 258 1039.
    • ,
  • L.L. Wynn

      Affiliations

    • Department of Anthropology, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
    • Tel.: +1 61 2 9850 8095; fax: +1 61 2 9850 9391.

References 

  1. Finer LB, Henshaw SK. Disparities in rates of unintended pregnancy in the United States, 1994 and 2001. Perspect Sex Reprod Health. 2006;38:90–96
  2. Henshaw SK. Unintended pregnancy in the United States. Fam Plann Perspect 1998;30:24–9, 46.
  3. Mosher WD, Martinez GM, Chandra A, Abma JC, Wilson SJ. Use of contraception and use of family planning services in the United States: 1982–2002. Advance data from vital and health statistics, no 350. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics; 2004;
  4. Trussell J. Choosing a contraceptive: efficacy, safety, and personal considerations. In:  Hatcher RA,  Trussell J,  Nelson AL,  Cates W,  Stewart FH,  Kowal D editor. Contraceptive technology: nineteenth revised edition. New York, NY: Ardent Media; 2007;p. 19–47
  5. Trussell J. Contraceptive efficacy. In:  Hatcher RA,  Trussell J,  Nelson AL,  Cates W,  Stewart FH,  Kowal D editor. Contraceptive technology: nineteenth revised edition. New York, NY: Ardent Media; 2007;p. 747–826
  6. Trussell J. The essentials of contraception: efficacy, safety, and personal considerations. In:  Hatcher RA,  Trussell J,  Stewart F,  Nelson A,  Cates W,  Guest F,  Kowal D editor. Contraceptive technology: eighteenth revised edition. New York, NY: Ardent Media; 2004;p. 221–252
  7. National Collaborating Centre for Women's Health . Long-acting reversible contraception: the effective and appropriate use of long-acting reversible contraception. London: RCOG Press; 2005;
  8. Marston C, Meltzer H, Majeed A. Impact on contraceptive practice of making emergency hormonal contraception available over-the-counter in Great Britain: repeated cross-sectional surveys. BMJ. 2005;331:271–273
  9. Raymond EG, Spruyt A, Bley K, Colm J, Gross S, Robbins LA. The North Carolina DIAL EC project: increasing access to emergency contraceptive pills by telephone. Contraception. 2004;69:367–372
  10. Moreau C, Bajos N, Trussell J. The impact of pharmacy access to emergency contraceptive pills in France. Contraception. 2006;73:602–608
  11. Glasier A, Fairhurst K, Wyke S, et al. Advanced provision of emergency contraception does not reduce abortion rates. Contraception. 2004;69:361–366
  12. Glasier A, Baird D. The effects of self-administering emergency contraception. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:1–4
  13. Raine T, Harper C, Leon K, Darney P. Emergency contraception: advance provision in a young, high-risk clinic population. Obstet Gynecol. 2000;96:1–7
  14. Jackson RA, Schwarz EB, Freedman L, Darney P. Advance supply of emergency contraception: effect on use and usual contraception—a randomized trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2003;102:8–16
  15. Gold MA, Wolford JE, Smith KA, Parker AM. The effects of advance provision of emergency contraception on adolescent women's sexual and contraceptive behaviors. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 2004;17:87–96
  16. Lo SS, Fan SYS, Ho PC, Glasier AF. Effect of advanced provision of emergency contraception on women's contraceptive behavior: a randomized controlled trial. Hum Reprod. 2004;19:2404–2410
  17. Raine TR, Harper CC, Rocca CH, et al. Direct access to emergency contraception through pharmacies and effect on unintended pregnancy and STIs: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2005;293:54–62
  18. Hu X, Cheng L, Hua X, Glasier A. Advanced provision of emergency contraception to postnatal women in China makes no difference in abortion rates: a randomized controlled trial. Contraception. 2005;72:111–116
  19. Belzer M, Sanchez K, Olson J, Jacobs AM, Tucker D. Advance supply of emergency contraception: a randomized trial in adolescent mothers. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 2005;18:347–354
  20. Trussell J, Raymond E, Stewart FH. Advance supply of emergency contraception: a randomized trial in adolescent mothers [Letter to the editor]. Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 2006;19:251
  21. Walsh TL, Frezieres RG. Patterns of emergency contraception use by age and ethnicity from a randomized trial comparing advance provision and information only. Contraception. 2006;74:110–117
  22. Raymond EG, Stewart F, Weaver M, Monteith C, Van Der Pol B. Impact of increased access to emergency contraceptive pills: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2006;108:1098–1106
  23. Glasier A. Emergency contraception. BMJ. 2006;333:560–561
  24. Raymond EG, Trussell J, Polis C. Population effect of increased access to emergency contraceptive pills: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol. 2007;109:181–188
  25. Polis CB, Schaffer K, Blanchard K, Glasier A, Harper CC, Grimes DA. Advance provision of emergency contraception for pregnancy prevention (full review). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(2):
  26. Sonfield A, Gold RB, Frost JJ, Darroch JE. U.S. insurance coverage of contraceptives the impact of contraceptive coverage mandates, 2002. Perspect Sex Reprod Health. 2004;36:72–79
  27. Insurance coverage of contraceptives. State policies in brief. New York, NY: Guttmacher Institute; July 2007;
  28. Postlethwaite D, Trussell J, Zoolakis A, Shaber R, Petitti D. A comparison of contraceptive procurement pre- and post-benefits change. Contraception 2007;76:360–5.
  29. Bajos N, Leridon H, Goulard H, Oustry P, Job-Spira N COCON Group. Contraception: from accessibility to efficiency. Hum Reprod. 2003;18:994–999
  30. Lakha F, Glasier A. Unintended pregnancy and use of emergency contraception among a large cohort of women attending for antenatal care or abortion in Scotland. Lancet. 2006;368:1782–1787
  31. Trussell J, Raymond EG. Preventing unintended pregnancy: let us count the ways. Lancet 2006;368:1747–8; Erratum, Lancet 2006;368:2124.
  32. Dawe F, Rainford L. Contraception and sexual health, 2003. London: Office for National Statistics; 2004;
  33. Gold RB. Rekindling efforts to prevent unplanned pregnancy: a matter of ‘equity and common sense’. Guttmacher Policy Rev. 2006;9:2–7
  34. Frost JJ, Sonfield A, Gold RB. Estimating the impact of expanding Medicaid eligibility for family planning services. Occasional report. New York: Guttmacher Institute; 2006;[No.28]
  35. Lindrooth RC, McCullough JS. The effect of Medicaid family planning expansions on unplanned births. Wom Health Iss. 2007;17:66–74

PII: S0010-7824(07)00405-2

doi: 10.1016/j.contraception.2007.09.001

Contraception
Volume 77, Issue 1 , Pages 1-5 , January 2008

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