Contraception
Volume 77, Issue 1 , Pages 30-33 , January 2008

Cytological evaluation and investigation of the vaginal flora of long-term users of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS)

Received 16 July 2007 ,Revised 4 September 2007 ,Accepted 7 September 2007.

References 

  1. World Health Organization . Cervical cancer control in developing countries: memorandum from a WHO meeting. Bull World Health Organ. 1996;74:345–351
  2. Misra JS, Tandon P, Srivastava A, Das K, Chandrawti C, Saxena NC. Cervical cytological studies in women inserted with Norplant-I contraceptive. Diagn Cytopathol. 2003;29:136–139
  3. Sturridge F, Guillebaud J. Gynecological aspects of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1997;104:285–289
  4. Chick PH, Frances M, Paterson PJ. A comprehensive review of female sterilization — tubal occlusion methods. Clin Reprod Fertil. 1985;3:81–97
  5. Luukkainen T, Lähteenmäki P, Toivonen J. Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device. Ann Med. 1990;22:85–90
  6. Hidalgo M, Bahamondes L, Perrotti M, Diaz J, Dantas-Monteiro C, Petta C. Bleeding patterns and clinical performance of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (Mirena) up to two years. Contraception. 2002;65:129–132
  7. Lockhat FB, Emembolu JO, Konje JC. The evaluation of the effectiveness of an intrauterine-administered progestogen (levonorgestrel) in the symptomatic treatment of endometriosis and in the staging of the disease. Hum Reprod. 2004;19:179–184
  8. Valente PT, Schantz HD, Trabal JF. Cytologic changes in cervical smears associated with prolonged use of depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate. Cancer. 1998;84:328–334
  9. Powell LC, Seymour RJ. Effects of depo-medroxyprogesterone acetate as a comparative agent. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1971;110:36–41
  10. World Health Organization . Depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) and cancer: memorandum from a WHO meeting. Bull World Health Organ. 1986;64:375–382
  11. Misra JS, Engineer AD, Tandon P. Cervical cytology associated with levonorgestrel contraception. Acta Cytol. 1995;39:45–49
  12. Avonts D, Sercu M, Heyerick P, Vandermeeren I, Meheus A, Piot P. Incidence of uncomplicated genital infections in women using oral contraception or an intrauterine device: a prospective study. Sex Transm Dis. 1990;17:23–29
  13. Calzolari E, Masciangelo R, Milite V, Verteramo R. Bacterial vaginosis and contraceptive methods. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2000;70:341–346
  14. Joesoef MR, Karundeng A, Runtupalit C, Moran JS, Lewis JS, Ryan CA. High rate of bacterial vaginosis among women with intrauterine devices in Manado, Indonesia. Contraception. 2001;64:169–172
  15. Ferraz do Lago R, Simões JA, Bahamondes L, Camargo RP, Perrotti M, Monteiro I. Follow-up of users of intrauterine device with and without bacterial vaginosis and other cervicovaginal infections. Contraception. 2003;68:105–109
  16. Toivonen J, Luukkainen T, Allonen H. Protective effect of intrauterine release of levonorgestrel on pelvic infection: three years' comparative experience of levonorgestrel- and copper-releasing intrauterine devices. Obstet Gynecol. 1991;77:261–264
  17. Andersson K, Odlind V, Rybo G. Levonorgestrel-releasing and copper-releasing (Nova-T) IUDs during five years of use: a randomized comparative trial. Contraception. 1994;49:56–72
  18. Solomon D, Davey D, Kurman R, et al. The 2001 Bethesda system terminology for reporting results of cervical cytology. JAMA. 2002;287:2114–2119
  19. Discacciati MG, Simoes JA, Amaral RG, et al. Presence of 20% or more clue cells: an accurate criterion for the diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis in Papanicolaou cervical smears. Diagn Cytophatol. 2006;34:272–276
  20. Darwish A, Labeeb S, Galal M, Rashad H, Hassan S. Cervical changes associated with progestagen-only contraceptives: a team approach. Contraception. 2004;69:121–127
  21. Luukkainen T, Pakarinen P, Toivonen J. Progestin-releasing intrauterine systems. Semin Reprod Med. 2001;19:355–363
  22. Sivin I, Stern J, Coutinho E, et al. Prolonged intrauterine contraception: a seven-year randomized study of the levonorgestrel 20 μg/day (LNg20) and the cooper T380 Ag IUDs. Contraception. 1991;44:473–480
  23. Diaz J, Faúndes A, Diaz M, Marchi N. Evaluation of the clinical performance of a levonorgestrel-releasing IUD, up to seven years of use, in Campinas, Brazil. Contraception. 1993;47:169–175
  24. Miller L, Patton DL, Meier A, Thwin SS, Hooton TM, Eschenbach DA. Depo-medroxyprogesterone-induced hypoestrogenism and changes in vaginal flora and epithelium. Obstet Gynecol. 2000;96:431–439

☆ This study was supported by the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (Grant No. 03/08391-7).

PII: S0010-7824(07)00425-8

doi: 10.1016/j.contraception.2007.09.009

Contraception
Volume 77, Issue 1 , Pages 30-33 , January 2008

Article Tools