Contraception
Volume 77, Issue 5 , Pages 366-370 , May 2008

Hormonal contraception and the risks of STI acquisition: results of a feasibility study to plan a future randomized trial

  • David Hubacher

      Affiliations

    • Family Health International, PO Box 13950, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +1 919 544 7040x223.
    • ,
  • Elizabeth R. Raymond

      Affiliations

    • Family Health International, PO Box 13950, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
    • ,
  • Mags Beksinska

      Affiliations

    • Reproductive Health and HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Hillbrow, Johannesburg 2001, South Africa
    • ,
  • Sinead Delany-Moretlwe

      Affiliations

    • Reproductive Health and HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Hillbrow, Johannesburg 2001, South Africa
    • ,
  • Jenni Smit

      Affiliations

    • Reproductive Health and HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Hillbrow, Johannesburg 2001, South Africa
    • ,
  • Tina Hylton-Kong

      Affiliations

    • Caribbean HIV/AIDS Regional Training, Comprehensive Health Center, Kingston 5, Jamaica
    • ,
  • Thomas R. Moench

      Affiliations

    • ReProtect, Inc., Baltimore, MD 21286, USA

Received 18 October 2007 ,Revised 18 December 2007 ,Accepted 12 January 2008.

References 

  1. Morrison CS, Bright P, Wong EL, et al. Hormonal contraceptive use, cervical ectopy, and the acquisition of cervical infections. Sex Transm Dis. 2004;31:561–567
  2. Cottingham J, Hunter D. Chlamydia trachomatis and oral contraceptive use: a quantitative review. Genitourin Med. 1992;68:209–216
  3. Louv WC, Austin H, Perlman J, Alexander WJ. Oral contraceptive use and the risk of chlamydial and gonococcal infections. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1989;160:396–402
  4. Baeten JM, Nyange PM, Richardson BA, et al. Hormonal contraception and risk of sexually transmitted disease acquisition: results from a prospective study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2001;185:380–385
  5. Avonts D, Sercu M, Heyerick P, Vandermeeren I, Meheus A, Piot P. Incidence of uncomplicated genital infections in women using oral contraception or an intrauterine device: a prospective study. Sex Transm Dis. 1990;17:23–29
  6. Mohllajee AP, Curtis KM, Martins SL, Peterson HB. Hormonal contraceptive use and risk of sexually transmitted infections: a systematic review. Contraception. 2006;73:154–165
  7. Achilles SL, Shete PB, Whaley KJ, Moench TR, Cone RA. Microbicide efficacy and toxicity tests in a mouse model for vaginal transmission of Chlamydia trachomatis. Sex Transm Dis. 2002;29:655–664
  8. Kaushic C, Ashkar AA, Reid LA, Rosenthal KL. Progesterone increases susceptibility and decreases immune responses to genital herpes infection. J Virol. 2003;77:4558–4565
  9. Jacobson DL, Peralta L, Farmer M, Graham NM, Gaydos C, Zenilman J. Relationship of hormonal contraception and cervical ectopy as measured by computerized planimetry to chlamydial infection in adolescents. Sex Transm Dis. 2000;27:313–319
  10. Marx PA, Spira AI, Gettie A, et al. Progesterone implants enhance SIV vaginal transmission and early virus load. Nat Med. 1996;2:1084–1089
  11. Khanna KV, Whaley KJ, Zeitlin L, et al. Vaginal transmission of cell-associated HIV-1 in the mouse is blocked by a topical, membrane-modifying agent. J Clin Invest. 2002;109:205–211
  12. Goldacre MJ, Loudon N, Watt B, et al. Epidemiology and clinical significance of cervical erosion in women attending a family planning clinic. Br Med J. 1978;1:748–750
  13. Kuhn L, Denny L, Pollack AE, Wright TC. Prevalence of visible disruption of cervical epithelium and cervical ectopy in African women using Depo-Provera. Contraception. 1999;59:363–367
  14. Sonnex C. Influence of ovarian hormones on urogenital infection. Sex Transm Infect. 1998;74:11–19
  15. Trunova N, Tsai L, Tung S, et al. Progestin-based contraceptive suppresses cellular immune responses in SHIV-infected rhesus macaques. Virology. 2006;352:169–177
  16. Steiner MJ, Cates W. Condoms and sexually-transmitted infections. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:2642–2643
  17. Gallo MF, Behets FM, Steiner MJ, et al. Validity of self-reported ‘safe sex’ among female sex workers in Mombasa, Kenya–PSA analysis. Int J STD AIDS. 2007;18:33–38
  18. Warner P. Concerns regarding design, analysis, and interpretation of the Morrison study on hormonal contraceptive use and acquisition of cervical infections. Sex Transm Dis. 2005;32:644–645
  19. Crosby RA. Condom use as a dependent variable: measurement issues relevant to HIV prevention programs. AIDS Educ Prev. 1998;10:548–557
  20. Feldblum PJ, Caraway J, Bahamondes L, et al. Randomized assignment to copper IUD or depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate: feasibility of enrollment, continuation and disease ascertainment. Contraception. 2005;72:187–191
  21. von Kesseru E, Etchepareborda JJ, Wikinski R, Beier S. Premenopause contraception with monthly injectable Mesigyna with special emphasis on serum lipid and bone density patterns. Contraception. 2000;61:317–322
  22. Stringer EM, Kaseba C, Levy J, et al. A randomized trial of the intrauterine contraceptive device vs hormonal contraception in women who are infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2007;197:144.e1–144.e8
  23. Halpern SD, Metzger DS, Berlin JA, Ubel PA. Who will enroll? Predicting participation in a phase II AIDS vaccine trial. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2001;27:281–288
  24. Mohllajee AP, Curtis KM, Peterson HB. Does insertion and use of an intrauterine device increase the risk of pelvic inflammatory disease among women with sexually transmitted infection? A systematic review. Contraception. 2006;73:145–153
  25. Grimes DA. Intrauterine device and upper-genital-tract infection. Lancet. 2000;356:1013–1019
  26. Molano M, Meijer CJ, Weiderpass E, et al. The natural course of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in asymptomatic Colombian women: a 5-year follow-up study. J Infect Dis. 2005;191:907–916
  27. McCormack WM, Alpert S, McComb DE, Nichols RL, Semine DZ, Zinner SH. Fifteen-month follow-up study of women infected with Chlamydia trachomatis. N Engl J Med. 1979;300:123–125
  28. Morre SA, van den Brule AJ, Rozendaal L, et al. The natural course of asymptomatic Chlamydia trachomatis infections: 45% clearance and no development of clinical PID after one-year follow-up. Int J STD AIDS. 2002;13(Suppl 2):12–18
  29. Munk C, Morre SA, Kjaer SK, et al. PCR-detected Chlamydia trachomatis infections from the uterine cervix of young women from the general population: prevalence and risk determinants. Sex Transm Dis. 1999;26:325–328

☆ Support for this research was provided by the Family Health International (FHI) with funds from the US Agency for International Development (AID/CCP-A-00-95-00022-00), although the views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of FHI or other participating institutions.

PII: S0010-7824(08)00055-3

doi: 10.1016/j.contraception.2008.01.006

Contraception
Volume 77, Issue 5 , Pages 366-370 , May 2008

Article Tools