Contraception
Volume 78, Issue 2 , Pages 106-112 , August 2008

Effects of ethinyl estradiol and ibuprofen compared to placebo on endometrial bleeding, cervical mucus and the postcoital test in levonorgestrel subcutaneous implant users

  • David F. Archer

      Affiliations

    • CONRAD Clinical Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. The CONRAD Clinical Research Center, The Jones Institute for Reproductive Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 601 Colley Avenue, Norfolk, VA 23507-1927, USA. Tel.: +1 757 446 7444; fax: +1 757 446 8998.
    • ,
  • Christine B. Philput

      Affiliations

    • RTTP Inc., Winchendon, MA 01475, USA
    • ,
  • Adam S. Levine

      Affiliations

    • Tampa Obstetrics, Fertility and Gynecology, Brandon, FL 33511, USA
    • ,
  • Vanessa Cullins

      Affiliations

    • Planned Parenthood Federation of America, New York, NY 10001, USA
    • ,
  • Thomas G. Stovall

      Affiliations

    • Women's Health Specialists, Germantown, TN 38138, USA
    • ,
  • Janice Bacon

      Affiliations

    • Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
    • ,
  • Margaret E. Weber

      Affiliations

    • Medical Affairs Department of Wyeth Pharmaceuticals, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA

Received 2 February 2008 ,Revised 7 April 2008 ,Accepted 14 April 2008.

References 

  1. Fraser IS, Hickey M. Endometrial vascular changes and bleeding disturbances with long-acting progestins. Steroids. 2000;65:665–670
  2. Rosenberg MJ, Waugh MS. Oral contraceptive discontinuation: a prospective evaluation of frequency and reasons. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1998;179(3 Pt 1):577–582
  3. Sivin I. Contraception with NORPLANT implants. Hum Reprod. 1994;9:1818–1826
  4. Archer DF, Jensen JT, Johnson JV, Borisute H, Grubb GS, Constantine GC. Evaluation of a continuous regimen of levonorgestrel/ethinyl estradiol: phase 3 study results. Contraception. 2006;74:439–445
  5. Sivin I. Risks and benefits, advantages and disadvantages of levonorgestrel-releasing contraceptive implants. Drug Saf. 2003;26:303–335
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  11. Archer DF, Philput CA, Webe ME. Management of irregular uterine bleeding and spotting associated with Norplant. Hum Reprod. 1996;11(Suppl 2):24–30
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  18. Archer DF, Maheux R, DelConte A, O'Brie FB. Efficacy and safety of a low-dose monophasic combination oral contraceptive containing 100 microg levonorgestrel and 20 microg ethinyl estradiol (Alesse). North American Levonorgestrel Study Group (NALSG). Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999;181(5 Pt 2):39–44
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  26. d'Arcangues C, Piaggio G, Brache V, et al. Effectiveness and acceptability of vitamin E and low-dose aspirin, alone or in combination, on Norplant-induced prolonged bleeding. Contraception. 2004;70:451–462
  27. Kaewrudee S, Taneepanichskul S, Jaisamraun U, Reinprayoon D. The effect of mefenamic acid on controlling irregular uterine bleeding secondary to Norplant use. Contraception. 1999;60:25–30
  28. Croxatto HB, Diaz S, Salvatierra AM, Morales P, Ebensperger C, Brandeis A. Treatment with Norplant subdermal implants inhibits sperm penetration through cervical mucus in vitro. Contraception. 1987;36:193–201

☆ This study was supported by a grant from Wyeth Laboratories.

PII: S0010-7824(08)00160-1

doi: 10.1016/j.contraception.2008.04.003

Contraception
Volume 78, Issue 2 , Pages 106-112 , August 2008

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