Contraception
Volume 79, Issue 1 , Pages 5-14 , January 2009

Cost effectiveness of contraceptives in the United States

  • James Trussell

      Affiliations

    • Office of Population Research, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
    • The Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, HU6 7RX Hull, UK
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Office of Population Research, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA. Tel.: +1 609 333 6964; fax: +1 609 258 1039.
    • ,
  • Anjana M. Lalla

      Affiliations

    • Cerner LifeSciences, 9100 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 655E, Beverly Hills, CA 90212, USA
    • ,
  • Quan V. Doan

      Affiliations

    • Cerner LifeSciences, 9100 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 655E, Beverly Hills, CA 90212, USA
    • ,
  • Eileen Reyes

      Affiliations

    • Cerner LifeSciences, 9100 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 655E, Beverly Hills, CA 90212, USA
    • ,
  • Lionel Pinto

      Affiliations

    • Cerner LifeSciences, 9100 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 655E, Beverly Hills, CA 90212, USA
    • ,
  • Joseph Gricar

      Affiliations

    • Independent HealthCare Consultant, New York, NY 10002, USA

Received 29 July 2008 ,Revised 16 August 2008 ,Accepted 18 August 2008.

References 

  1. Finer LB, Henshaw SK. Disparities in rates of unintended pregnancy in the United States, 1994 and 2001. Perspect Sex Reprod Health. 2006;38:90–96
  2. Trussell J. The cost of unintended pregnancy in the United States. Contraception. 2007;75:168–170
  3. Mosher WD, Martinez GM, Chandra A, Abma JC, Willson SJ. Use of contraception and use of family planning services in the United States: 1982–2002. Adv Data. 2004;1–36
  4. Chiou CF, Trussell J, Reyes E, et al. Economic analysis of contraceptives for women. Contraception. 2003;68:3–10
  5. Trussell J, Koenig J, Ellertson C, Stewart F. Preventing unintended pregnancy: the cost-effectiveness of three methods of emergency contraception. Am J Public Health. 1997;87:932–937
  6. Chandra A, Martinez GM, Mosher WD, Abma JC, Jones J. Fertility, family planning, and reproductive health of U.S. women: data from the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth. Vital Health Stat 2. 2005;23:1–160
  7. Hatcher RA, Trussell J, Nelson AL, Cates W, Stewart FH, Kowal D. Contraceptive technology. 19th rev. ed.. New York (NY): Ardent Media; 2007;
  8. Backman T, Rauramo I, Huhtala S, Koskenvuo M. Pregnancy during the use of levonorgestrel intrauterine system. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004;190:50–54
  9. Backman T, Huhtala S, Blom T, Luoto R, Rauramo I, Koskenvuo M. Length of use and symptoms associated with premature removal of the levonorgestrel intrauterine system: a nation-wide study of 17,360 users. BJOG. 2000;107:335–339
  10. Westrom L, Bengtsson LP, Mardh PA. Incidence, trends, and risks of ectopic pregnancy in a population of women. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1981;282:15–18
  11. Croxatto HB, Makarainen L. The pharmacodynamics and efficacy of Implanon. An overview of the data. Contraception. 1998;58:91S–97S
  12. Peterson HB, Xia Z, Hughes JM, Wilcox LS, Tylor LR, Trussell J. The risk of ectopic pregnancy after tubal sterilization. U.S. Collaborative Review of Sterilization Working Group. N Engl J Med. 1997;336:762–767
  13. Lahteenmaki P, Rauramo I, Backman T. The levonorgestrel intrauterine system in contraception. Steroids. 2000;65:693–697
  14. Trussell J, Leveque JA, Koenig JD, et al. The economic value of contraception: a comparison of 15 methods. Am J Public Health. 1995;85:494–503
  15. Endrikat J, Dusterberg B, Ruebig A, Gerlinger C, Strowitzki T. Comparison of efficacy, cycle control, and tolerability of two low-dose oral contraceptives in a multicenter clinical study. Contraception. 1999;60:269–274
  16. Jick SS, Kaye JA, Russmann S, Jick H. Risk of nonfatal venous thromboembolism in women using a contraceptive transdermal patch and oral contraceptives containing norgestimate and 35 microg of ethinyl estradiol. Contraception. 2006;73:223–228
  17. Fihn SD, Latham RH, Roberts P, Running K, Stamm WE. Association between diaphragm use and urinary tract infection. JAMA. 1985;254:240–245
  18. Audet MC, Moreau M, Koltun WD, et al. Evaluation of contraceptive efficacy and cycle control of a transdermal contraceptive patch vs an oral contraceptive: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2001;285:2347–2354
  19. Barreiros FA, Guazzelli CA, de Araujo FF, Barbosa R. Bleeding patterns of women using extended regimens of the contraceptive vaginal ring. Contraception. 2007;75:204–208
  20. Hooton TM, Scholes D, Hughes JP, et al. A prospective study of risk factors for symptomatic urinary tract infection in young women. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:468–474
  21. Fihn SD, Boyko EJ, Normand EH, et al. Association between use of spermicide-coated condoms and Escherichia coli urinary tract infection in young women. Am J Epidemiol. 1996;144:512–520
  22. Drug topics red book. Montvale (NJ): Thomson Healthcare; 2007;
  23. Cerner Multum™ Lexicon, 2007.
  24. Wolters Kluwer Health . Price Rx drug price and reference tool (Medi-Span Master Drug Database). Available at http://www.MediSpan.com[Accessed October 2007]
  25. Pharmacy directory: drug prices. Available at http://www.drugstore.com[Accessed March 2008]
  26. Current procedural terminology (CPT). Chicago (IL): American Medical Association; 2007;
  27. Marquette CM, Koonin LM, Antarsh L, Gargiullo PM, Smith JC. Vasectomy in the United States, 1991. Am J Public Health. 1995;85:644–649
  28. MacKay AP, Kieke BA, Koonin LM, Beattie K. Tubal sterilization in the United States, 1994–1996. Fam Plann Perspect. 2001;33:161–165
  29. Ingenix DRG Expert. Eden Prairie (MN): Ingenix; 2007;
  30. Finer LB, Henshaw SK. Abortion incidence and services in the United States in 2000. Perspect Sex Reprod Health. 2003;35:6–15
  31. Henshaw SK, Finer LB. The accessibility of abortion services in the United States, 2001. Perspect Sex Reprod Health. 2003;35:16–24
  32. Abortion Surveillance — United States . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Surveillance summaries. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. vol. 55, No. SS-11. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/ss/ss5511.pdf2003;[Accessed March 2008]
  33. March of Dimes . The healthcare costs of having a baby. Available at http://www.marchofdimes.com/aboutus/14817_25927.asp[Accessed June 2008]
  34. Machlin SR, Rohde F. Health care expenses for uncomplicated pregnancies. Research Findings No. 27. Available at http://www.meps.ahrq.gov/mepsweb/data_files/publications/rf27/rf27.pdf[Accessed March 2008]
  35. Merrill C, Steiner C. Hospitalizations related to childbirth, 2003. HCUP Statistical Brief #11. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD. Available at www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb11.pdf[Accessed November 2007]
  36. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality . Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP). Available at http://hcupnet.ahrq.gov/[Accessed June 2008]
  37. Baldaszti E, Wimmer-Puchinger B, Loschke K. Acceptability of the long-term contraceptive levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (Mirena): a 3-year follow-up study. Contraception. 2003;67:87–91
  38. Trussell J, Koenig J, Stewart F, Darroch JE. Medical care cost savings from adolescent contraceptive use. Fam Plann Perspect 1997;29:248–255, 295.
  39. National Collaborating Centre for Women & Children's Health . Long-acting reversible contraception: the effective and appropriate use of long-acting reversible contraception. London (UK): Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (RCOG); 2005;
  40. Mavranezouli I. The cost-effectiveness of long-acting reversible contraceptive methods in the UK: analysis based on a decision-analytic model developed for a National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) clinical practice guideline. Hum Reprod. 2008;23:1338–1345
  41. Varney SJ, Guest JF. Relative cost effectiveness of Depo-Provera, Implanon, and Mirena in reversible long-term hormonal contraception in the UK. Pharmacoeconomics. 2004;22:1141–1151
  42. Phillips CJ. Economic analysis of long-term reversible contraceptives. Focus on Implanon. Pharmacoeconomics. 2000;17:209–221
  43. Trussell J, Vaughan B. Contraceptive failure, method-related discontinuation and resumption of use: results from the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth. Fam Plann Perspect 1999;31:64–72, 93.
  44. Vaughan B, Trussell J, Kosta K, Singh S, Jones R. Discontinuation and resumption of contraceptive use: results from the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth. Contraception. 2008;78:271–283
  45. Xiao B, Wu SC, Chong J, Zeng T, Han LH, Luukkainen T. Therapeutic effects of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system in the treatment of idiopathic menorrhagia. Fertil Steril. 2003;79:963–969
  46. Trussell J. Overstating cost savings from contraceptive use. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2008;13:219–221

☆ This study was supported by a research grant from Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals, Wayne, NJ, USA.

PII: S0010-7824(08)00410-1

doi: 10.1016/j.contraception.2008.08.003

Contraception
Volume 79, Issue 1 , Pages 5-14 , January 2009

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution