Contraception
Volume 79, Issue 5 , Pages 375-378 , May 2009

Smoking and oral contraceptive continuation

  • Carolyn Westhoff

      Affiliations

    • Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
    • Heilbrunn Department of Population and Family Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Columbia University Medical Center, 622 West 168th Street, PH 16-69, New York, NY 10032, USA. Tel.: +1 212 305 4805; fax: +1 212 305 6438.
    • ,
  • Kandice Jones

      Affiliations

    • The Center for Urban Epidemiologic Studies, New York Academy of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
    • ,
  • Christina Robilotto

      Affiliations

    • Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
    • ,
  • Stephen Heartwell

      Affiliations

    • Domestic Programs, The Susan Thompson Buffett Foundation, Omaha, NE 68131, USA
    • ,
  • Sharon Edwards

      Affiliations

    • Department of Pediatrics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY10029, USA
    • ,
  • Mimi Zieman

      Affiliations

    • Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
    • ,
  • Linda Cushman

      Affiliations

    • Heilbrunn Department of Population and Family Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA

Received 20 May 2008 ,Revised 11 December 2008 ,Accepted 12 December 2008.

References 

  1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Cigarette smoking among adults—United States, 2004. MMWR. 2005;54(44):[serial online] [cited 2006 Sep 23]. Available from http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5444a2.htm
  2. Rosenberg MJ, Waugh MS, Stevens CM. Smoking and cycle control among oral contraceptive users. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1996;174:628–632
  3. Hellerstedt WL, Pirie P, Lando HA, et al. Differences in preconceptional and prenatal behaviors in women with intended and unintended pregnancies. Am J Public Health. 1998;88:663–666
  4. Westhoff C, Heartwell S, Edwards S, et al. Initiation of oral contraceptives using a quick start compared with a conventional start: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2007;109:1270–1276
  5. Westhoff C, Heartwell S, Edwards S. Oral contraceptive discontinuation: do side effects matter?. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2007;196(4):412.e1–412.e6
  6. Westhoff C, Osborne LM, Schafer JE, Morroni C. Bleeding patterns after immediate initiation of an oral compared with a vaginal hormonal contraceptive. Obstet Gynecol. 2005;106:89–96
  7. Westhoff C, Morroni C, Kerns J, Murphy PA. Bleeding patterns after immediate vs. conventional oral contraceptive initiation: a randomized, controlled trial. Fertil Steril. 2003;79:322–329
  8. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services . Reducing Tobacco Use: A Report of the Surgeon General.. Atlanta (Ga): U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health; 2000;Available from http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/sgr/sgr_2000/index.htm
  9. World Health Organization . Medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use. 3rd ed.. Geneva (Switzerland): World Health Organization; 2004;Available from http://www.who.int/reproductive-health

☆ This study was supported by NICHD grant RO1-HD-42413.

PII: S0010-7824(08)00552-0

doi: 10.1016/j.contraception.2008.12.003

Contraception
Volume 79, Issue 5 , Pages 375-378 , May 2009

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