Contraception
Volume 80, Issue 1 , Pages 63-67 , July 2009

Hormonal contraception and risk of bacterial vaginosis diagnosis in an observational study of women attending STD clinics in Baltimore, MD

  • Samara B. Rifkin

      Affiliations

    • Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
    • ,
  • Marsha R. Smith

      Affiliations

    • Baltimore City Health Department, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
    • Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
    • ,
  • Rebecca M. Brotman

      Affiliations

    • Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
    • Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
    • ,
  • Renee M. Gindi

      Affiliations

    • Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
    • ,
  • Emily J. Erbelding

      Affiliations

    • Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
    • Baltimore City Health Department, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
    • Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Mason F Lord Center Tower, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA. Tel.: +1 410 550 6254; fax: +1 410 550 2328.

Received 20 October 2008 ,Revised 15 January 2009 ,Accepted 15 January 2009.

References 

  1. Koumans EH, Sternberg M, Bruce C, et al. The prevalence of bacterial vaginosis in the United States, 2001–2004; associations with symptoms, sexual behavior, and reproductive health. Sex Transm Dis. 2007;34:864–869
  2. Wawer MJ, Sewankambo NK, Serwadda D. Control of sexually transmitted diseases for AIDS prevention in Uganda: a randomised community trial. Lancet. 1999;353:525–535
  3. Koumans EH, Kendrick JS CDC Bacterial Vaginosis Working Group. Preventing adverse sequelae of bacterial vaginosis: a public health program and research agenda. Sex Transm Dis. 2001;28:292–297
  4. Fredricks DN, Fielder TL, Marrazzo JM. Molecular identification of bacteria associated with bacterial vaginosis. N Engl J Med. 2005;353:1899–1911
  5. Schwebke JR, Desmond R. Risk factors for bacterial vaginosis in women at high risk for sexually transmitted diseases. Sex Transm Dis. 2005;32:654–658
  6. Bradshaw CS, Morton AN, Hocking J, et al. High recurrence rates of bacterial vaginosis over the course of 12 months after oral metronidazole therapy and factors associated with recurrence. J Infect Dis. 2006;193:1478–1486
  7. Larsson PG. Treatment of bacterial vaginosis. Int J STD AIDS. 1992;3:239–247
  8. Sobel JD, Schmitt C, Meriwether C. Long-term follow-up of patients with bacterial vaginosis treated with oral metronidazole and topical clindamycin. J Infect Dis. 1993;167:783–784
  9. Austin MN, Beigi RH, Meyn LA, et al. Microbiologic response to treatment of bacterial vaginosis with topical clindamycin or metronidazole. J Clin Microbiol. 2005;43:4492–4497
  10. Yen S, Shafer MA, Moncada J, et al. Bacterial vaginosis in sexually experienced and non-sexually experienced young women entering the military. Obstet Gynecol. 2003;102:927–933
  11. Calzolari E, Masciangelo R, Milite V, et al. Bacterial vaginosis and contraceptive methods. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2000;70:341–346
  12. Avonts D, Sercu M, Heyerick P, et al. Incidence of uncomplicated genital infections in women using oral contraception or an intrauterine device: a prospective study. Sex Transm Dis. 1990;17:23–29
  13. Barbone F, Austin H, Louv WC, et al. A follow-up study of methods of contraception, sexual activity, and rates of trichomoniasis, candidiasis, and bacterial vaginosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1990;163:510–514
  14. Baeten JM, Nyange PM, Richardson BA, et al. Hormonal contraception and risk of sexually transmitted disease acquisition: results from a prospective study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2001;185:380–385
  15. Riggs M, Klebanoff M, Nansel T, et al. Longitudinal association between hormonal contraceptives and bacterial vaginosis in women of reproductive age. Sex Transm Dis. 2007;34:954–959
  16. Brotman RM, Erbelding EJ, Jamshidi RM, et al. Findings associated with recurrence of bacterial vaginosis among adolescents attending sexually transmitted diseases clinics. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 2007;20:225–231
  17. Amsel R, Totten PA, Spiegel CA, et al. Nonspecific vaginitis. Diagnostic criteria and microbial and epidemiologic associations. Am J Med. 1983;74:14–22
  18. Liang KY, Zeger SL. Longitudinal data analysis using generalized linear models. Biometrika. 1986;73:13–22
  19. Wilson JD, Lee RA, Balen AH, et al. Bacterial vaginal flora in relation to changing oestrogen levels. Int J STD AIDS. 2007;18:308–311
  20. Boskey ER, Cone RA, Whaley RJ, et al. Origins of vaginal acidity: high D/L lactate ratio is consistent with bacteria being the primary source. Hum Reprod. 2001;16:1809–1813
  21. Brabin L, Fairbrother E, Mandal D, et al. Biological and hormonal markers of chlamydia, human papillomavirus, and bacterial vaginosis among adolescents attending genitourinary medicine clinics. Sex Transm Infect. 2005;81:128–132
  22. Eschenbach DA, Patton DL, Meier A, et al. Effects of oral contraceptive pill use on vaginal flora and vaginal epithelium. Contraception. 2000;62:107–112
  23. Miller L, Patton DL, Meier A, et al. Depomedroxyprogesterone-induced hypoestrogenism and changes in vaginal flora and epithelium. Obstet Gynecol. 2000;96:431–439
  24. Hay PE, Ugwumadu A, Chowns J. Sex, thrush and bacterial vaginosis. Int J STD AIDS. 1997;8:603–608
  25. Schwebke JR, Richey CM, Weiss HL. Correlation of behaviors with microbiological changes in vaginal flora. J Infect Dis. 1999;180:1632–1636
  26. Keane FE, Ison CA, Taylor-Robinson D. A longitudinal study of the vaginal flora over a menstrual cycle. Int J STD AIDS. 1997;8:489–494
  27. Sobel JD. Vaginitis. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:1896–1903
  28. Spiegleman D, Hertzmark E. Easy SAS calculations for risk or prevalence ratios and differences. Am J Epidemiol. 2005;162:199–200
  29. Holzman C, Leventhal JM, Qui H, et al. Factors linked to bacterial vaginosis in nonpregnant women. Am J Public Health. 2001;91:1664–1670
  30. Mosher WD, Martinez GM, Chandra A, et al. Use of contraception and use of family planning services in the United States: 1982–2002. Adv Data. 2004;350:1–36

PII: S0010-7824(09)00025-0

doi: 10.1016/j.contraception.2009.01.008

Contraception
Volume 80, Issue 1 , Pages 63-67 , July 2009

Article Tools