Contraception
Volume 80, Issue 6 , Pages 583-590 , December 2009

Contraceptive considerations in obese women: Release date 1 September 2009 SFP Guideline 20091

Received 5 November 2008

References 

  1. World Health Report 2002. Overweight, obesity, and high body mass, p 60. Accessed and downloaded 1.27.09. http://www.who.int/whr/2002/en/whr02_en.pdf. [Evidence grade: III].
  2. Hedley AA , Ogden CL , Johnson CL , Carroll MD , Curtin LR , Flegal KM . Overweight and obesity among US children, adolescents, and adults, 1999–2002. JAMA. 2004;291:2847–2850 [Evidence grade: II-3]
  3. Finer LB , Henshaw SK . Disparities in rates of unintended pregnancy in the United States, 1994 and 2001. Perspect Sex Reprod Health. 2006;38:90–96 [Evidence grade: II-3]
  4. Rode L , Nilas L , Wojdemann K , Tabor A . Obesity-related complications in Danish single cephalic term pregnancies. Obstet Gynecol. 2005;105:537–542 [Evidence grade: II-2]
  5. Nohr E , Bech B , Davies M , Frydenberg M , Henriksen T , Olsen J . Prepregnancy obesity and fetal death: a study within the Danish national birth cohort. Obstet Gynecol. 2005;106:250–259 [Evidence grade: II-2]
  6. Catalano PM , Ehrenberg HM . The short- and long-term implications of maternal obesity on the mother and her offspring. BJOG. 2006;113:1126–1133 [Evidence grade: II-3]
  7. Boney CM , Verma A , Tucker R , Vohr BR . Metabolic syndrome in childhood: association with birth weight, maternal obesity, and gestational diabetes mellitus. Pediatrics. 2005;115:290–296 [Evidence grade: II-2]
  8. Whitaker RC . Predicting preschooler obesity at birth: the role of maternal obesity in early pregnancy. Pediatrics. 2004;114:e29–e36 [Evidence grade: II-2]
  9. Grimes DA , Shields WC . Family planning for obese women: challenges and opportunities. Contraception. 2005;72:1; [Evidence grade: III]
  10. World Health Organization  . Endometrial cancer and combined oral contraceptives: the WHO Collaborative Study of Neoplasia and Steroid Contraceptives. Int J Epidemiol. 1988;17:263–269 [Evidence grade: II-3]
  11. World Health Organization Collaborative Study of Neoplasia and Steroid Contraceptives . Depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) and risk of endometrial cancer. Int J Cancer. 1991;49:186–190 [Evidence grade: II-3]
  12. Guleria K , Agarwal N , Mishra K , Gulati R , Mehendiratta A . Evaluation of endometrial steroid receptors and cell mitotic activity in women using copper intrauterine device: Can Cu-T prevent endometrial cancer?. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2004;30:181–187 [Evidence grade: III]
  13. Varma R , Sinha D , Gupta JK . Non-contraceptive uses of levonorgestrel-releasing hormone system (LNG-IUS)—A systematic enquiry and overview. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2005;125:9–28 [Evidence grade: III]
  14. Cohen SS , Palmieri RT , Nyante SJ , Koralek DO , Kim S , Bradshaw P, et al.   Obesity and screening for breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer in women: a review. Cancer. 2008;112:1892–1904 [Evidence grade: III]
  15. Chuang CH , Chase GA , Bensyl DM , Weisman CS . Contraceptive use by diabetic and obese women. Women's Health Issues. 2005;15:167; [Evidence grade: II-3]
  16. Holt V , Cushing-Haugen K , Daline J . Body weight and risk of oral contraceptive failure. Obstet Gynecol. 2002;99:820–827 [Evidence grade: II-2]
  17. Holt V , Scholes D , Wicklund K , Cushing-Haugen K , Daling J . Body mass index, weight, and oral contraceptive failure risk. Obstet Gynecol. 2005;105:46–52 [Evidence grade: II-2]
  18. Norris P , Kamat A , Estes C , Medina C , Pietro P , Whitted W . Oral abstract presentation: contraceptive failure in overweight patients taking combination oral contraceptive pills. Association of Reproductive Health Professionals; 2003; [Evidence grade: II-2]
  19. Brunner Huber LR , Hogue CJ . The association between body weight, unintended pregnancy resulting in a livebirth, and contraception at the time of conception. Matern Child Health J. 2005;9:413–420 [Evidence grade: II-3]
  20. Brunner LR , Hogue CJ . The role of body weight in oral contraceptive failure: results from the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth. Ann Epidemiol. 2005;15:492–499 [Evidence grade: II-3]
  21. Brunner Huber LR , Toth JL . Obesity and oral contraceptive failure: findings from the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth. Am J Epidemiol. 2007;166:1306–1311 [Evidence grade: II-3]
  22. Kaneshiro B , Edelman A , Carlson N , Nichols M , Jensen JT . The relationship between body mass index and unintended pregnancy results from the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth. Contraception. 2008;77:234–238 [Evidence grade: II-3]
  23. Brunner Huber LR , Hogue CJ , Stein AD , Drews C , Zieman M . Body mass index and risk for oral contraceptive failure: a case-cohort study in South Carolina. Ann Epidemiol. 2006;16:637–643 [Evidence grade: II-2]
  24. Zhang H , LaGuardia K , Creanga D . Higher body weight and body mass index are not associated with reduced efficacy in Ortho Tri-Cyclen Lo Users (Abstract). Obstet Gynecol. 2006;50S:107; [Evidence grade: II-3]
  25. Westhoff C , Reape K , Hait H . Subject weight and oral contraceptive efficacy in recent clinical trials (Abstract). Contraception. 2008;78:167; [Evidence grade: II-3]
  26. Burkman R , Fisher A , Wan G , Barnowski C , LaGuardia K . Association between efficacy and body weight or body mass index for two low-dose oral contraceptives. Contraception. 2009;79:424–427 [Evidence grade: II]
  27. Vessey M , Painter R . Oral contraceptive failures and body weight: findings in a large cohort study. J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care. 2001;27:90–91 [Evidence grade: II-2]
  28. Dinger J , Cronin M , Mohner S , Schellschmidt I , Minh T , Westhoff C . Oral contraceptive effectiveness according to body mass index, weight, age, and other factors. AJOG. 2009;201: in press. [Evidence grade: II-2]
  29. National Survey of Family Growth Cycle 6:2002 (Public use file). http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nsfg/UserGuide_2002NSFG.pdf Accessed October 27, 2008. [Evidence grade: II-3]
  30. Stewart AW , Jackson RT , Ford MA , Beaglehole R . Underestimation of relative weight by use of self reported height and weight. Am J Epidemiol. 1987;125:122–126 [Evidence grade: III]
  31. Brunner Huber LR . Validity of self-reported height and weight in women of reproductive age. Matern Child Health J. 2007;11:137–144 [Evidence grade: III]
  32. Engstrom JL , Paterson SA , Doherty A , Trabulsi M , Speer KL . Accuracy of self-reported height and weight in women: an integrative review of the literature. J Midwifery Women's Health. 2003;43:338–345 [Evidence grade: III]
  33. Perry GS , Byers TE , Mokdad AH , Serdula MK , Williamson DF . The validity of self-reports of past body weights in US adults. Epidemiology. 1995;6:61–66 [Evidence grade: II-3]
  34. Troy LM , Hunter DJ , Manson JE , Colditz GA , Stampfer MJ , Willett WC . The validity of recalled weight among younger women. Int J Obes Relat Metab Discord. 1995;19:570–572 [Evidence grade: II-3]
  35. Moreau C , Trussell J , Rodriguez G , Bajos N , Bouyer J . Contraceptive failure rates in France: results from a population-based survey. Hum Reprod. 2007;22:2422–2427 [Evidence grade: II-3]
  36. Mei Z , Grummer-Strawn LM , Pietrobelli A , Goulding A , Goran MI , Dietz WH . Validity of body mass index compared with other body-composition screening indexes for the assessment of body fatness in children and adolescents. AJCN. 2002;7:597–985 [Evidence grade: III]
  37. Garrow JS , Webster J . Quetelet's index (W/H2) as a measure of fatness. Int J Obes. 1985;9:147–153 [Evidence grade: III]
  38. World Health Organization  . BMI categories. http://www.euro.who.int/nutrition Accessed and downloaded October 7, 2008. [Evidence grade: III]
  39. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  . BMI categories. http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/healthyweight Accessed and downloaded October 7, 2008. [Evidence grade: III]
  40. Speroff L , Glass RH , Kase NG . Clinical gynecologic endocrinology and infertility. 6th ed.. Baltimore (Md): Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1999; [Evidence grade: III]
  41. Farrow A , Hull M , Northstone K , Taylor H , Ford WC , Golding J . Prolonged use of oral contraception before a planned pregnancy is associated with a decreased risk of delayed conception. Hum Reprod. 2002;17:2754–2761 [Evidence grade: II-3]
  42. Kaneshiro B , Jensen JT , Carlson NE , Harvey SM , Nichols MD , Edelman AB . Body mass index and sexual behavior. Obstet Gynecol. 2008;112:586–592 [Evidence grade: II-3]
  43. Halpern C , Udry JR . Effects of body fat on weight concerns, dating, sexual activity: a longitudinal analysis of black and white adolescent girls. Developmental Psychology. 1999;721–736 [Evidence grade: II-2]
  44. Wingood GM , Diclemente RJ , Harrington K , Davies SL . Body image and African American females' sexual Health. J Wom Health Gend Base Med. 2002;11:433–439 [Evidence grade: II-2]
  45. Potter L , Oakley D . Measuring compliance among oral contraceptive users. Fam Plann Perspect. 1996;28:154–158 [Evidence grade: II-2]
  46. Edelman A , Carlson N , Cherala G , Munar M , Stouffer R , Cameron J, et al.   Impact of obesity on oral contraceptive pharmacokinetics and hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian activity. Contraception. 2009; in press. [Evidence grade: II-1]
  47. Audet M , Moreau M , Koltun W , Waldbaum A , Shangold G , Fisher A, et al.   Evaluation of contraceptive efficacy and cycle control of a transdermal contraceptive patch vs an oral contraceptive. JAMA. 2001;285:2347–2354 [Evidence grade: 1]
  48. Zieman M , Guillebaud J , Weisberg E , Shangold G , Fisher A , Creasy G . Contraceptive efficacy and cycle control with the Ortho Evra/Evra transdermal system: the analysis of pooled data. Fertil Steril. 2002;77:S13–18 [Evidence grade: II-3]
  49. Dieben T , Roumen F , Apter D . Efficacy, cycle control, and user acceptability of a novel combined contraceptive vaginal ring. Obstet Gynecol. 2002;100:585–593 [Evidence grade: II-2]
  50. Westhoff C . Higher body weight does not affect Nuvaring's efficacy. Obstet Gynecol. 2005;56S:105
  51. Roumen FJME , Apter D , Mulders TMT , Dieben TOM . Efficacy, tolerability and acceptability of a novel contraceptive vaginal ring releasing etonogestrel and ethinyl oestradiol. Hum Reprod. 2001;16:469–475 [Evidence grade: II-2]
  52. Croxatto H , Mäkäräinen L . The pharmacodynamics and efficacy of Implanon®: an overview of the data. Contraception. 1998;58:91–97 [Evidence grade: II-2]
  53. Huber J . Pharmacokinetics of Implanon®: An integrated analysis.. Contraception. 1998;58:85S–90S [Evidence grade: II-2]
  54. Jain J , Jakimiuk J , Bode F , Ross D , Kaunitz A . Contraceptive efficacy and safety of DMPA-SC. Contraception. 2004;70:269–275 [Evidence grade: II-2]
  55. Personal communication with Schering-Plough. 2009; Kenilworth, NJ. March 25. [Evidence grade: III]
  56. Graesslin O , Korver T . The contraceptive efficacy of Implanon: a review of clinical trials and marketing experience. Euro J Contra Reprod Health Care. 2008;13:4–12 [Evidence grade: II-3]
  57. Jamieson D , Hillis S , Duerr A , Marchbanks P , Costello C , Peterson H . Complications of interval laparoscopic tubal sterilization: findings from the United States Collaborative Review of Sterilization. Obstet Gynecol. 2000;96:997–1002 [Evidence grade: II-3]
  58. Nisbet A . Intramuscular gluteal injections in the increasingly obese population: retrospective study. BMJ. 2006;332:637–638 [Evidence grade: III]
  59. Heinemann LAJ , Dinger JC . Range of published estimates of venous thromboembolism incidence in young women. Contraception. 2007;75:328–336 [Evidence grade: II-2]
  60. Abdollahi M , Cushman M , Rosendaal F . Obesity: risk of venous thrombosis and the interaction with coagulation factor levels and oral contraceptive use. Thrombosis & Haemostasis. 2003;89:493–498 [Evidence grade: II-2]
  61. Nightingale A , Lawrenson R , Simpson E , Williams T , Farmer K . The effects of age, body mass index, smoking, and general health on the risk of venous thromboembolism in users of combined oral contraceptives. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2000;5:265–274 [Evidence grade: II-2]
  62. World Health Organization  . Venous thromboembolic disease and combined oral contraceptives: results of international multi-centre case control study. Lancet. 1995;346:1575–1582 [Evidence grade: II-1]
  63. Trussell J , Guthrie K , Schwarz E . Much ado about little: obesity, combined hormonal contraceptive use and venous thrombosis. Contraception. 2008;77:143–146 [Evidence grade: III]
  64. Larsen TB , Sorensen HT , Gislum M , Johnsen SP . Maternal smoking, obesity, and the risk of thromboembolism during pregnancy and the puerperium: a population-based nested control study. Thromb Res. 2007;120:505–509 [Evidence grade: II-2]
  65. World Health Organization  . Cardiovascular disease and steroid hormone contraception. Report of a WHO Scientific Group. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. 1998;877:i–89
  66. Cole JA , Norman H , Doherty M , Walker A . Venous thromboembolism, myocardial infarction, and stroke among transdermal contraceptive system users. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2007;109:339–346 [Evidence grade: II-2]
  67. Jick SS , Kaye JA , Russmann S , Jick H . Risk of nonfatal venous thromboembolism in women using a contraceptive transdermal patch and oral contraceptives containing norgestimate and 35 μg of ethinyl estradiol. Contraception. 2006;73:223–228 [Evidence grade: II-2]
  68. Jick S , Kaye JA , Li L , Jick H . Further results on the risk of nonfatal venous thromboembolism in users of the contraceptive transdermal patch compared to users of oral contraceptives containing norgestimate and 35 μg of ethinyl estradiol. Contraception. 2007;76:4–7 [Evidence grade: II-2]
  69. Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program . Postmarketing study of ORTHO EVRA and levonorgestrel oral contraceptives containing hormonal contraceptives with 30 μg of EE in relation to non-fatal venous thromboembolism, ischemic stroke, and myocardial infarction. Accessed March 27, 2008 http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00511784 [Evidence grade: III]
  70. Brinton L , Berman M , Mortel R , Twiggs L , Barrett R , Wilbanks GD, et al.   Reproductive, menstrual, and medical risk factors for endometrial cancer: results from a case-control study. AJOG. 1992;167:1317–1325 [Evidence grade: II-2]
  71. World Health Organization  . Endometrial cancer and combined oral contraceptives: the WHO Collaborative Study of Neoplasia and Steroid Contraceptives. Int J Epidemiol. 1988;17:263–269 [Evidence grade: II-2]
  72. Jick SS , Walker AM , Jick H . Oral contraceptives and endometrial cancer. Obstet Gynecol. 1993;82:931–935 [Evidence grade: II-2]
  73. World Health Organization Collaborative Study of Neoplasia and Steroid Contraceptives  . Depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) and risk of endometrial cancer. Int J Cancer. 1991;49:186–190 [Evidence grade: II-2]
  74. Curtis KM , Marchbanks PA , Peterson HB . Neoplasia with use of intrauterine devices. Contraception. 2007;75:S60–S69 [Evidence grade: III]
  75. Hassan DF , Petta CA , Aldrighi JM , Bahamondes L , Perrotti M . Weight variation in a cohort of women using copper IUD for contraception. Contraception. 2003;68:27–30 [Evidence grade: II-2]
  76. O'Connell KJ , Osborne LM , Westhoff C . Measured and reported weight change for women using a vaginal contraceptive ring vs. a low-dose oral contraceptive. Contraception. 2005;72:323–327 [Evidence grade: I]
  77. Linne Y , Dye L , Barkeling B , Rossner S . Weight development over time in parous women—the SPAWN study—15 years follow-up. Int J Obesity. 2003;27:1516–1522 [Evidence grade: II-2]
  78. Picardo CM , Nichols M , Edelman A , Jensen J . Women's knowledge and sources of information on the risks and benefits of oral contraception. J Am Med Women's Assoc. 2003;58:112–116 [Evidence grade: III]
  79. Rosenberg M . Weight change with oral contraceptive use and during the menstrual cycle: results of daily measurements. Contraception. 1998;58:345–349 [Evidence grade: II-1]
  80. Gallo M , Grimes DA , Schulz K , Helmerhorst F . Combination estrogen-progestin contraceptives and body weight: systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Obstet Gynecol. 2004;103:359–373 [Evidence grade: I]
  81. Ronnerdag M , Odlind V . Health effects of long-term use of the intrauterine levonorgestrel-releasing system: a follow-up study over 12 years of continuous use. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1999;78:716–721 [Evidence grade: II-2]
  82. The Implanon US Study Group . Safety and efficacy of Implanon, a single-rod implantable contraceptive containing etonogestrel. Contraception. 2005;71:319–326 [Evidence grade: II-2]
  83. Kiriwat O , Patanayindee A , Koetsawang S , Korver T , Coelingh Bennink H . A 4-year pilot study on the efficacy and safety of Implanon, a single-rod hormonal contraceptive implant, in healthy women in Thailand. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 1998;3:85–91 [Evidence grade: II-2]
  84. Bahamondes L , Del Castillo S , Tabares G , Arce XE , Perrotti M , Petta C . Comparison of weight increase in users of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate and copper IUD up to 5 years. Contraception. 2001;64:223–225 [Evidence grade: II-2]
  85. Mangan SA , Larsen PG , Hudson S . Overweight teens at increased risk for weight gain while using depot medroxyprogesterone acetate. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 2002;15:79–82 [Evidence grade: III]
  86. Bonny AE , Ziegler J , Harvey R , Debanne SM , Secic M , Cromer BA . Weight gain in obese and nonobese adolescent girls initiating depot medroxyprogesterone, oral contraceptive pills, or no hormonal contraceptive method. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2006;160:40–45 [Evidence grade: II-2]
  87. Taneepanichskul S , Reinprayoon D , Khaosaad P . Comparative study of weight change between long-term DMPA and IUD acceptors. Contraception. 1998;58:149–151 [Evidence grade: II-2]
  88. Gerrits EG , Ceulemans R , van Hee R , Hendrickx L , Totté E . Contraceptive treatment after biliopancreatic diversion needs consensus. Obes Surg. 2003;13:378–382 [Evidence grade: III]
  89. Victor A , Odlind V , Kral JG . Oral contraceptive absorption and sex hormone binding globulins in obese women: effects of jejunoileal bypass. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 1987;16:483–491 [Evidence grade: III]

PII: S0010-7824(09)00379-5

doi: 10.1016/j.contraception.2009.08.001

Contraception
Volume 80, Issue 6 , Pages 583-590 , December 2009

Article Tools