Contraception
Volume 82, Issue 5 , Pages 404-409 , November 2010

Mechanism of action of emergency contraception

Received 2 May 2010 ,Accepted 3 May 2010.

References 

  1. Guttmacher Institute. www.guttmacher.org.
  2. Henshaw SK, Singh S, Haas T. The incidence of abortion worldwide. Int Fam Plan Perspect. 1999;25:30–38
  3. Consensus statement of emergency contraception. Consortium for Emergency Contraception. Contraception. 1995;52:211–213
  4. Trussell J, Ellertson C, von Hertzen H, et al. Estimating the effectiveness of emergency contraceptive pills. Contraception. 2003;67:259–265
  5. Gemzell-Danielsson K, Marions L. Mechanisms of action of mifepristone and levonorgestrel when used for emergency contraception. Hum Reprod. 2004;10:341–348
  6. Thomasen AL. “Historia animalium” compared to “Gynaecia” in the literature of the Middle Ages. Clio Med. 1980;15:5–24German
  7. Morris JM, van Wagenen G. Compounds interfering with ovum implantation and development. III. The role of estrogens. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1966;96:804–813
  8. Yuzpe AA, Lance WJ. Ethinylestradiol and dl-norgestrel as a potential contraceptive. Fertile Steril. 1977;28:932–936
  9. Glasier A, Thong KJ, Dewar M, Mackie M, Baird D. Mifepristone (RU 486) compared with high-dose estrogen and progesterone for emergency postcoital contraception. N Engl J Med. 1992;327:1041–1044
  10. Webb AM, Russell J, Elstein M. Comparison of Yuzpe regimen, danazol and mifepristone (RU486) in oral postcoital contraception. Br Med J. 1992;305:927–931
  11. Lippes J, Tatum HJ, Maulik D, Sielezny M. Postcoital copper IUDs. Adv Plan Parent. 1979;14:87–94
  12. World Health Organization . Task Force on Post-ovulatory Methods for Fertility Regulation. Randomized controlled trial of levonorgestrel versus the Yuzpe regimen of combined oral contraceptives for emergency contraception. Lancet. 1998;352:428–433
  13. World Health Organization Task Force on Post-ovulatory Methods for Fertility Regulation . Comparison of three single doses of mifepristone as emergency contraception: a randomised trial. Lancet. 1999;353:697–702
  14. Cheng L, Gulmezoglu AM, Piaggio G, Ezcurra E, Van Look PF. Interventions for emergency contraception. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;CD001324
  15. von Hertzen H, Piaggio G, Ding J, et al. Low dose mifepristone and two regimens of levonorgestrel for emergency contraception: a WHO multicentre randomised trial. Lancet. 2002;360:1803–1810
  16. Hamoda H, Ashok PW, Stalder C, Flett GM, Kennedy E, Templeton A. A randomized trial of mifepristone (10 mg) and levonorgestrel for emergency contraception. Obstet Gynecol. 2004;104:1307–1313
  17. Creinin MD, Schlaff W, Archer DF, et al. Progesterone receptor modulator for emergency contraception. A randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2006;108:1089–1097
  18. Blithe DL, Nieman LK, Blye RP, Stratton P, Passaro M. Development of the selective progesterone receptor modulator CDB-2914 for clinical indications. Steroids. 2003;68:1013–1017
  19. Wilcox AJ, Weinberg CR, Baird DD. Timing of sexual intercourse in relation to ovulation. Effects on the probability of conception, survival of the pregnancy, and sex of the baby. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:1517–1521
  20. Müller AL, Llados CM, Croxatto HB. Postcoital treatment with levonorgestrel does not disrupt postfertilization events in the rat. Contraception. 2003;67:415–419
  21. Novikova N, Weisberg E, Stanczyk FZ, Croxatto HB, Fraser IS. Effectiveness of levonorgestrel emergency contraception given before or after ovulation — a pilot study. Contraception. 2007;75:112–118
  22. Wilcox AJ, Baird DD, Dunson DB, McConnaughey DR, Kesner JS, Weinberg CR. On the frequency of intercourse around ovulation: evidence for biological influences. Hum Reprod. 2004;19:1539–1543
  23. Bahamondes L, Nascimento JAA, Munuce MJ, Fazano F, Faundes A. The in vitro effect of levonorgestrel on the acrosome reaction of human spermatozoa from fertile men. Contraception. 2003;68:55–59
  24. Yeung WSB, Chiu PCN, Wang CHYQ, Yao YQ, Ho PC. The effects of levonorgestrel on various sperm functions. Contraception. 2002;66:453–457
  25. Kesserü E. Department of Women's and Children's Health, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Karolinska Institutet/ Karolinska University Hospital, S-171 76 ü E,
  26. Kesserü E, Garmendia F, Westphal N, Parada J. The hormonal and peripheral effects of dl-norgestrel in postcoital contraception. Contraception. 1974;10:411–424
  27. Kunz G, Beil D, Deininger H, Wildt L, Leyendecker G. The dynamics of rapid sperm transport through the female genital tract: evidence from vaginal sonography of uterine peristalsis and hystero-salpingoscintigraphy. Hum Reprod. 1996;11:627–632
  28. do Nascimento JA, Seppala M, Perdigao A, et al. In vivo assessment of the human sperm acrosome reaction and the expression of glycodelin-A in human endometrium after levonorgestrel-emergency contraceptive pill administration. Hum Reprod. 2007;22:2190–2195
  29. Marions L, Hultenby K, Lindell I, Sun X, Stabi B. Gemzell Danielsson K Emergency contraception with mifepristone and levonorgestrel: mechanism of action. Obstet Gynecol. 2002;100:65–71
  30. Marions L, Cekan C, Bygdeman M, Gemzell Danielsson K. Preovulatory treatment with mifepristone and levonorgestrel impairs luteal function. Contraception. 2004;69:373–377
  31. Hapangama DK, Glasier AF, Baird DT. The effects of peri-ovulatory administration of levonorgestrel on the menstrual cycle. Contraception. 2001;63:123–129
  32. Croxatto HB, Brache V, Pavez M, et al. Pituitary-ovarian function following the standard levonorgestrel emergency contraceptive dose or a single 0.75-mg dose given on the days preceding ovulation. Contraception. 2004;70:442–450
  33. Spitz IM, Croxatto HB, Salvatierra AM, Heikinheimo O. Response to intermittent RU486 in women. Fertil Steril. 1993;59:971–975
  34. Liu JH, Garzo G, Morris S, Stuenkel C, Ulmann A, Yen SS. Disruption of follicular maturation and delay of ovulation after administration of the antiprogesterone RU486. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1987;65:1135–1140
  35. Shoupe D, Mishell DR, Page MA, Madkour H, Spitz IM, Lobo RA. Effects of the antiprogesterone RU 486 in normal women. II. Administration in the late follicular phase. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1987;157:1421–1426
  36. Swahn ML, Johannisson E, Daniore V, de la Torre B, Bygdeman M. The effect of RU 486 administered during the proliferative and secretory phase of the cycle on the bleeding pattern, hormonal parameters and the endometrium. Hum Reprod. 1988;3:915–921
  37. Ghosh D, Kumar PG, Sengupta J. Early luteal phase administration of mifepristone inhibits preimplantation embryo development and viability in the rhesus monkey. Hum Reprod. 1997;12:575–582
  38. Batista MC, Cartledge TP, Zellmer AW, Nieman LK, Merriam GR, Loriaux DL. Evidence for a critical role of progesterone in the regulation of the midcycle gonadotropin surge and ovulation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1992;74:565–570
  39. Batista MC, Cartledge TP, Zellmer AW, Nieman LK, Loriaux DL, Merriam GR. The antiprogestin RU 486 delays the midcycle gonadotropin surge and ovulation in gonadotropin-releasing hormone-induced cycles. Fertil Steril. 1994;62:28–34
  40. Smotrich DB, Stillman RJ, Widra EA, et al. Immunocytochemical localization of growth factors and their receptors in the human pre-embryos and Fallopian tubes. Hum Reprod. 1996;11:184–190
  41. Christow A, Sun X, Gemzell-Danielsson K. Effect of mifepristone and levonorgestrel on expression of steroid receptors in the human Fallopian tube. Mol Hum Reprod. 2002;8:333–340
  42. Mahmood T, Saridogan E, Smutna S, Habib AM, Djahanbakhch O. The effect of ovarian steroids on epithelial ciliary beat frequency in the human Fallopian tube. Hum Reprod. 1998;13:2991–2994
  43. Psychoyos A, Prapas I. Inhibition of egg development and implantation in rats after post-coital administration of the progesterone antagonist RU 486. J Reprod Fertil. 1987;80:487–491
  44. Wolf JP, Danforth DR, Ulmann A, Baulieu EE, Hodgen GD. Contraceptive potential of RU486 by ovulation inhibition II. Suppression of pituitary gonadotropin secretion in vitro. Contraception. 1989;40:185–193
  45. Messinis IE, Templeton A. The effect of the antiprogestin mifepristone (RU486) on maturation and in-vitro fertilization of human oocytes. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1998;95:592–595
  46. Durand M, del Carmen Cravioto M, Raymond EG, et al. The mechanism of action of short-term levonorgestrel administration in emergency contraception. Contraception. 2001;64:227–234
  47. Swahn ML, Gemzell K, Bygdeman M. Contraception with mifepristone. Letter to the Editor, Lancet. 1991;338:942–943
  48. Gemzell Danielsson K, Swahn ML, Svalander P, Bygdeman M. Early luteal phase treatment with RU486 for fertility regulation. Hum Reprod. 1993;8:870–873
  49. Gemzell Danielsson K, Svalander P, Swahn ML, Johannisson E, Bygdeman M. Effects of a single-postovulatory dose of RU486 on endometrial maturation in the implantation phase. Hum Reprod. 1994;9:2398–2404
  50. Hapangama DK, Brown A, Glasier AF, Baird DT. Feasibility of administering mifepristone as a once a month contraceptive pill. Hum Reprod. 2001;16:1145–1150
  51. Gemzell-Danielsson K, Swahn M, Bygdeman M. The effect of various doses of mifepristone on endometrial leukaemia inhibitory factor expression in the midluteal phase—an immunohistochemical study. Hum Reprod. 1997;12:1293–1297
  52. Marions L, Gemzell Danielsson K, Swahn M, Bygdeman M. The effect of antiprogestin on integrin expression in human endometrium: an immunohistochemical study. Hum Reprod. 1998;4:491–495
  53. Slayden OD, Nayak NR, Burton KA, et al. Progesterone antagonists increase androgen receptor expression in the rhesus macaque and human endometrium. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86:2668–2679
  54. Cameron ST, Critchley HO, Buckley CH, Kelly RW, Baird DT. Effect of two antiprogestins (mifepristone and onapristone) on endometrial factors of potential importance for implantation. Fertil Steril. 1997;67:1046–1053
  55. Gemzell Danielsson K, Hamberg M. The effect of antiprogestin (RU 486) and prostaglandin biosynthesis inhibitor (naproxen) on uterine fluid prostaglandin F2a concentration. Hum Reprod. 1994;9:1626–1630
  56. Swahn ML, Bygdeman M, Xing S, Cekan S, Masironi B, Johannisson E. The effect of RU 486 administered during the early luteal phase on bleeding pattern, hormonal parameters and endometrium. Hum Reprod. 1990;5:402–408
  57. Gemzell Danielsson K, Westlund P, Swahn ML, Bygdeman M, Seppala M. Effect of low weekly doses of mifepristone on ovarian function and endometrial development. Hum Reprod. 1996;11:256–264
  58. Gemzell Danielsson K, Swahn ML, Westlund P, Johannisson E, Seppälä M, Bygdeman M. Effect of low daily doses of mifepristone on ovarian function and endometrial development. Hum Reprod. 1997;12:124–131
  59. Marions L, Gemzell Danielsson K, Swahn ML, Bygdeman M. Contraceptive efficacy of low doses of mifepristone. Fertil Steril. 1998;70:813–816
  60. Marions L, Viski S, Danielsson KG, et al. Contraceptive efficacy of daily administration of 0.5 mg mifepristone. Hum Reprod. 1999;14:2788–2790
  61. Godfrey EM, Mawson JT, Stanwood NL, Fielding SL, Schaff EA. Low-dose mifepristone for contraception: a weekly versus planned postcoital randomized pilot study. Contraception. 2004;70:41–46
  62. Lalitkumar PGL, Lalitkumar S, Meng CX, et al. Mifepristone but not levonorgestrel inhibits human blastocyst attachment to an in vitro endometrial three-dimensional cell culture model. Hum Reprod. 2007;22:3031–3037
  63. Meng CX, Andersson K, Benten-Ley U, Gemzell-Danielsson K, Lalitkumar PG. Effect of levonorgestrel and mifepristone on endometrial receptivity markers in a three-dimensional human endometrial cell culture model. Fertil Steril. 2008;16
  64. Zhang L, Chen J, Wang Y, Ren F, Yu W, Cheng L. Pregnancy outcome after levonorgestrel-only emergency contraception failure: a prospective cohort study. Hum Reprod. 2009;24:1605–1611
  65. Croxatto HB, Brahe V, Cochon L, et al. The effects of Immediate pre-ovulatory administration of 30 mg Ulipristal acetate on follicular rupture. Abstract, Rome ESG Sept 10-14, 2009.
  66. Stratton P, Hartog B, Hajizadeh N, et al. Endometrial effects of a single early-luteal dose of the selective progesterone receptor modulator CDB-2914. Hum Reprod. 2000;15:1092–1099

PII: S0010-7824(10)00321-5

doi: 10.1016/j.contraception.2010.05.004

Contraception
Volume 82, Issue 5 , Pages 404-409 , November 2010