Abstract
Objective
To investigate a method of chemical sterilization and its efficacy in adult albino
rats.
Method
Evaluation was conducted 3 weeks after a single bilateral intratesticular injection
of calcium chloride (CaCl2) at the dose of 5, 10, 15 or 20 mg per testis per 100 g body weight.
Results
The significant graded diminution in relative sex organ weights, testicular androgenic
enzymes like ��5,3��-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (��5,3��-HSD) and 17��-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17��-HSD), glutathione peroxidase
(GPx), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities,
testicular content of reduced glutathione (GSH), plasma and intratesticular concentrations
of testosterone, epididymal sperm count as well as significant elevation in plasma
concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and
testicular content of malondialdehyde (MDA) were noted in all the treated groups with
respect to vehicle control. There was no chronic general stress in experimental animals
as indicated by insignificant changes in plasma concentrations of corticosterone,
prolactin, total protein, blood urea nitrogen and fasting blood sugar level. Dose-dependent
responses on testicular histopathology were recorded by noting multinucleated giant
cells in seminiferous tubules, derangement of tubular architecture along with infiltration
of leucocytes and appearance of fibrous tissue throughout the testicular sections.
The fertility efficacy of the 10, 15 or 20 mg CaCl2-treated males was nil, proven after mating with fertile, virgin healthy females,
as there were no implantation sites in each uterine horns noted by laparotomy.
Conclusion
Intratesticular CaCl2 injection at a specific dose might serve as a way of sterilization and may be considered
as an alternative to surgical castration in male animals.
Keywords
To read this article in full you will need to make a payment
Purchase one-time access:
Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online accessOne-time access price info
- For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
- For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'
Subscribe:
Subscribe to ContraceptionAlready a print subscriber? Claim online access
Already an online subscriber? Sign in
Register: Create an account
Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect
References
- Effects and interaction of LH and LHRH agonist on testicular morphology and function in hypophysectomized rats.J Reprod Fertil. 1986; 76: 175-192
- Morphological study of the effects of a GnRH agonist on the canine testis after 4 months of treatment and recovery.Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1987; 116: 413-417
- Is high dosage of testosterone an effective male contraceptive agent?.Fertil Steril. 1988; 50: 324-328
- Effect of a nonsteroidal antiandrogen, anandron, on the reproductive system and fertility in male rats.Contraception. 1990; 42: 121-138
- Immunological approaches to contraception in dogs.J Reprod Fertil Suppl. 1989; 39: 189-198
- Sterilization of the male by cadmium salts.J Reprod Fertil. 1960; 1: 294-309
- Sterilization of male rhesus monkeys by iron salts.J Reprod Fertil. 1965; 9: 115-117
- Chemical sterilization of male dogs after a single testicular injection of ���Danazol���.Folia Biol. 1973; 23: 305-310
- Immunological sterilization of male dogs by BCG.Int J Androl. 1981; 4: 111-128
- The control of male fertility by 1,2,3-trihydroxypropan (THP; glycerol): rapid arrest of spermatogenesis without altering libido, accessory organs, gonadal steroidogenesis and serum testosterone, LH and FSH.Contraception. 1984; 29: 291-302
- An evaluation of calf castration by intratesticular injection of a lactic acid solution.Aust Vet J. 1989; 66: 272-276
- Evaluation of intratesticular injection of glycerol for nonsurgical sterilization of dogs.Am J Vet Res. 2000; 61: 544-549
- The early histopathologic effects of intratesticular injection with hyperosmolar glycerol, glucose or NaCl solutions.Andrologia. 1987; 19: 654-661
- Chemosterilization of stray dogs.Ind J Anim Health. 1988; 37: 61-62
- Testicular degeneration of scrub bulls by calcium chloride.Ind J Vet Surg. 2000; 21: 37-38
- Evaluation of single intratesticular injection of calcium chloride for non-surgical sterilization of male Black Bengal goats (Capra hircus): a dose dependent study.Anim Reprod Sci. 2005; 86: 89-108
- Guide for the care and use of laboratory animals.(NIH Publication No. 85-23) US Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Health, Bethesda (Md)1985 ([revised])
- Indian National Science Academy, New Delhi (India)1992 ([revised 2000])
- Assessment of cell damage caused by spontaneous lipid peroxidation in rabbit spermatozoa.Biol Reprod. 1984; 30: 323-331
- Comparison of hexachloro-cyclohexane induced oxidative stress in the testis of immature and adult rats.Comp Biochem Physiol. 1997; 118C: 319-327
- Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase.in: Colowick S.P. Kaplan N.O. Methods in enzymology. Academic Press, New York1962: 512-516
- Purification of a 17��-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase of human placenta and studies on its transhydrogenase function.J Biol Chem. 1962; 237: 345-357
- Testosterone suppresses spermatogenesis in juvenile spermatogonial depletion (jsd) mice.Biol Reprod. 2001; 65: 532-537
- Enzyme linked immunosorbant assay for steroid hormones.in: Misro M.M. Orientation training course on research methodology in reproductive biomedicine. National Institute of Health and Family Welfare (NIHFW), New Delhi2002: 55-58
- Pituitary gonadotrophins.in: Jaffe B.M. Behrman H.R. Methods of hormone radioimmunoassay. Academic Press, New York1974: 67-85
- Prolactin.in: Jaffe B.M. Behrman H.R. Methods of hormone radioimmunoassay. Academic Press, New York1979: 199-222
- The preparation of 131I-labeled human growth hormone of high specific activity.Biochem J. 1963; 89: 114-123
- Studies on quantitative and qualitative characterization of erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase.J Lab Clin Med. 1967; 70: 158-169
- Determination of superoxide dismutase activity by purely chemical system based on NAD(P)H oxidation.in: Packer L. Glazer A.N. Methods in enzymology. vol. 186. Academic Press, New York1990: 209-220
- Glutathione S-transferase: the first step in mercapturic acid formation.J Biol Chem. 1974; 249: 7130-7139
- Protein measurement with Folin-phenol reagent.J Biol Chem. 1951; 193: 265-275
- Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction.Anal Biochem. 1979; 95: 351-358
- A semi-automated system for measurement of glutathione in the assay of glutathione peroxidase.Anal Biochem. 1978; 89: 430-436
- Fluorometric determination of corticosterone and cortisol in 0.02���0.05 milliliters or sub-milligram samples of adrenal tissue.Endocrinology. 1964; 74: 653-657
- Fluorometric analysis of corticoids.in: Glic D. Methods in biochemical analysis. Interscience Publishers, New York1966: 63
- Analysis of variance.in: Das D. Das A. Statistics in biology and psychology. Academic Publishers, Calcutta1998: 250-282
- Calcium chloride for treatment of subcutaneous lipomas in dogs.J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1985; 186: 492-494
- Testosterone and spermatogenesis: identification of stage dependent, androgen-regulated proteins secreted by adult rat seminiferous tubules.J Androl. 1992; 13: 172-184
- Measurement of semen quality, fertility and reproductive hormones to assess dibromochloropropane (DBCP) effects in live rabbits.Fundam Appl Toxicol. 1986; 6: 628-637
- Effect of lithium chloride on testicular steroidogenesis and gametogenic functions in male albino rats.Life Sci. 1990; 46: 127-137
- Negative feedback regulation of the secretion and actions of gonadotrophin releasing hormone in males.Biol Reprod. 2001; 64: 735-742
- Deoxyribonucleic acid hypomethylation of male germ cells by mitotic and meiotic exposure to 5-azacytidine is associated with altered testicular histology.Endocrinology. 2000; 141: 3235-3244
- Germ cell apoptosis induced by Ureaplasma urealytium infection.Asian J Androl. 2001; 3: 199-204
- Apoptosis precedes detachment of germ cells from the seminiferous epithelium after hormonal suppression by short-term oestradiol treatment of rats.Int J Androl. 1998; 21: 109-115
- Mediation of seasonal testicular regression by apoptosis.Reproduction. 2001; 122: 677-685
- Caspase-3 and caspase-activated dioxyribonuclease are associated with testicular germ cell apoptosis resulting from reduced intratesticular testosterone.Endocrinology. 2001; 142: 3809-3816
- Induction of caspase-3 like activity by calcium in normal cytosolic extracts triggers nuclear apoptosis in a cell free system.J Biol Chem. 1998; 273: 17559-17564
- Molecular mechanism of apoptosis induced by cytotoxic chemicals.Crit Rev Toxicol. 2000; 30: 609-627
- Assessment of secondary necrosis of jerked cells using a new microscopic system and double staining method with annexin V and propidium iodide.Int J Oncol. 2000; 16: 283-288
- Induction of lipid peroxidation during steroidogenesis in rat testis.Endocrinology. 1996; 137: 105-112
- Testosterone induced changes in testicular antioxidant system.Andrologia. 1997; 29: 343-350
- Interrelation of active oxygen species, membrane damage and altered calcium functions.Mol Cell Biochem. 1992; 111: 11-15
- Expression of manganese superoxide dismutase promotes cellular differentiation.Free Radic Biol Med. 1994; 16: 275-282
- Lipid peroxidation and antioxidants as biomarkers of tissue damage.Clin Chem. 1995; 41: 1819-1828
- Relative impact of oxidative stress on male reproductive function.Curr Med Chem. 2001; 8: 851-862
- Changes in rat testicular antioxidant defense profile as a function of age and its impairment by hexachlorocyclohexane during critical stages of maturation.Andrologia. 1999; 31: 83-90
- Role of glutathione S-transferase in oxidative stress-induced male germ cell apoptosis.Free Radic Biol Med. 2000; 29: 1015-1027
- Estimation of glutathione in purified populations of mouse testis germ cells.Biol Reprod. 1985; 33: 1197-1205
- Steroid synthesis-dependent, oxygen-mediated damage of mitochondrial and microsomal cytochrome P-450 enzymes in rat Leydig cell cultures.Endocrinology. 1987; 121: 1390-1399
- Inhibition of sperm glutathione S-transferase leads to functional impairment due to membrane damage.FEBS Lett. 1998; 422: 296-300
- Antioxidant system in rat testicular cells.FEBS Lett. 1994; 349: 392-396
- Triggering and modulation of apoptosis by oxidative stress.Free Radic Biol Med. 2000; 29: 323-333
- Noval functions of mitochondrial phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (OH GPx) as an anti apoptotic factor.J Health Sci. 2000; 46: 414-417
- Role of oxidative stress in germ cell apoptosis induced by di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate.Biochem J. 2002; 365: 849-856
- Synergistic role of prolactin and testosterone in the regulation of acid phosphatase activity and isoenzyme pattern in accessory sex organs of adult male rats.J Reprod Fertil. 1983; 67: 235-241
- Paracrine mechanism in testicular control.in: Dekrester D. Molecular biology of male reproduction. Academic Press, London1993: 271-295
- Reversible inhibition of spermatogenesis in rats using a new male contraceptive, 1-(2, 4-dichlorobenzyl)-indole-3-carbohydrazide.Biol Reprod. 2001; 64: 1500-1508
- Efficacy and stress of chemical versus surgical castration of cattle.Can J Anim Sci. 1990; 70: 1063-1072
- Guyton A.C. Hall J.E. Textbook of medical physiology. WB Saunders, Philadelphia1996
- Histaminergic mediation of stress induced release of PRL in male rats.Neuroendocrinology. 1988; 47: 68-74
Article info
Publication history
Published online: October 21, 2005
Accepted:
July 13,
2005
Received in revised form:
June 9,
2005
Received:
December 11,
2003
Identification
Copyright
© 2006 Elsevier Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
