Abstract
To review evidence on the combined hormonal patch, combined hormonal vaginal ring
and the etonogestrel implant, with a focus on safety and effectiveness of use among
women with special health conditions, we searched MEDLINE, Pre-MEDLINE and the Cochrane
Library for reports published from 1980 through March 2005. Articles eligible for
review included 11 on the hormonal patch, nine on the hormonal ring, and 11 on the
etonogestrel implant. Limited evidence suggests patch efficacy is lower among women
>90 kg. No evidence was identified for vaginal ring use among women with medical conditions.
A single small study found that etonogestrel implants had no adverse effects on bone
mineral density among women 18���40 years old. Limited evidence also suggests no adverse
effects of the etonogestrel implant on lactation parameters or infant development
among users enrolled 28 to 56 days postpartum and followed for 4 months.
Keywords
To read this article in full you will need to make a payment
Purchase one-time access:
Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online accessOne-time access price info
- For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
- For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'
Subscribe:
Subscribe to ContraceptionAlready a print subscriber? Claim online access
Already an online subscriber? Sign in
Register: Create an account
Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect
References
- Sharing responsibility: women, society and abortion worldwide.The Alan Guttmacher Institute, New York1999
- The introduction of a transdermal hormonal contraceptive (Ortho Evra/Evra).Fertil Steril. 2002; 77: S1-S2
- Contraceptive failure in the United States.Contraception. 2004; 70: 89-96
- The transdermal contraceptive patch: a new approach to hormonal contraception.Int J Fertil. 2002; 47: 69-76
- First contraceptive patch offers once-a-week dosing. FDA approves Ortho Evra transdermal contraceptive.Contracept Technol Update. 2002; 23: 1-3
- The cervico-vaginal epithelium during 20 cycles' use of a combined contraceptive vaginal ring.Hum Reprod. 1996; 11: 2443-2448
- Clinical profile of Implanon: a single-rod etonogestrel contraceptive implant.Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2000; 5: 21-28
- Presentation of clinical data on Implanon��.Contraception. 1998; 58: 75S-77S
- A multicentre efficacy and safety study of the single contraceptive implant Implanon��.Hum Reprod. 1999; 14: 976-981
- Pharmacokinetics of Implanon��. An integrated analysis.Contraception. 1998; 58: 85S-90S
- Mechanisms that explain the contraceptive action of progestin implants for women.Contraception. 2002; 65: 21-27
- Ovarian function during the use of a single contraceptive implant: Implanon�� compared with Norplant��.Fertil Steril. 1998; 69: 714-721
- Improving access to quality care in family planning: medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use.3rd ed. WHO, Geneva2003
- Keeping up with the evidence: a new system for WHO's evidence-based family planning guidance.Am J Prev Med. 2005; 28: 483-490
- Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations.BMJ. 2004; 328: 1490-1494
- An evaluation of the use of the transdermal contraceptive patch in adolescents.J Adolesc Health. 2004; 34: 395-401
- Long-term evaluation of the use of the transdermal contraceptive patch in adolescents.Sci World J. 2004; 4: 512-516
- Evaluation of contraceptive efficacy and cycle control of a transdermal contraceptive patch vs. an oral contraceptive: a randomized controlled trial.JAMA. 2001; 285: 2347-2354
- Efficacy and safety of a transdermal contraceptive system.Obstet Gynecol. 2001; 98: 799-805
- Comparison of efficacy, cycle control, compliance and safety in users of a contraceptive patch vs. an oral contraceptive.in: XVI FIGO World Congress of Gynecology and Obstetrics [FC 2.30.06], Washington DC, USA, 3���8 September. 2000
- Transdermal contraception: evaluation of three transdermal norelgestromin/ethinyl estradiol doses in a randomized, multicenter, dose���response study.Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002; 186: 15-20
- Ortho Evra���/Evra��� versus oral contraceptives: follicular development and ovulation in normal cycles and after an intentional dosing error.Fertil Steril. 2003; 80: 34-42
- Pharmacokinetics of a contraceptive patch (Evra���/Ortho Evra���) containing norelgestromin and ethinyl estradiol at four application sites.Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2002; 53: 141-146
- Multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of a contraceptive patch in healthy women participants.Contraception. 2001; 64: 287-294
- Pharmacokinetics of norelgestromin and ethinyl estradiol delivered by a contraceptive patch (Ortho Evra���/Evra���) under conditions of heat, humidity, and exercise.J Clin Pharmacol. 2001; 41: 1301-1309
- Efficacy, cycle control, and user acceptability of a novel combined contraceptive vaginal ring.Obstet Gynecol. 2002; 100: 585-593
- Efficacy and safety of a contraceptive vaginal ring (NuvaRing) compared with a combined oral contraceptive: a 1-year randomized trial.Contraception. 2005; 71: 176-182
- Comparison of cycle control with a combined contraceptive vaginal ring and oral levonorgestrel/ethinyl estradiol.Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002; 186: 389-395
- The effects of a combined contraceptive vaginal ring releasing ethinylestradiol and 3-ketodesogestrel on vaginal flora.Contraception. 1992; 45: 511-518
- The combined contraceptive vaginal ring (NuvaRing��) and lipid metabolism: a comparative study.Contraception. 2004; 69: 389-394
- The combined contraceptive vaginal ring (NuvaRing��) and hemostasis: a comparative study.Contraception. 2004; 69: 461-467
- A comparative study on the effects of a contraceptive vaginal ring NuvaRing and an oral contraceptive on carbohydrate metabolism and adrenal and thyroid function.Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2004; 3: 131-140
- Pharmacokinetics of etonogestrel and ethinylestradiol released from a combined contraceptive vaginal ring.Clin Pharmacokinet. 2000; 39: 233-242
- Bone mineral density during long term use of the progestogen contraceptive implant Implanon�� compared to a non-hormonal method of contraception.Hum Reprod. 2000; 15: 118-122
- Effects of the etonogestrel-releasing contraceptive implant (Implanon��) on parameters of breastfeeding compared to those of an intrauterine device.Contraception. 2000; 62: 239-246
- Treatment of pelvic endometriosis with etonogestrel subdermal implant (Implanon��).J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care. 2005; 31: 67-70
- Effect of Implanon�� use on selected parameters of thyroid and adrenal function.Contraception. 2000; 62: 247-251
- Implanon�� contraceptive implants: effects on carbohydrate metabolism.Contraception. 2001; 63: 137-141
- The effects of Implanon�� on lipid metabolism in comparison with Norplant��.Contraception. 1999; 60: 281-287
- Effect of etonogestrel subdermal contraceptive implant (Implanon��) on liver function tests - a randomized comparative study with Norplant�� implants.Contraception. 2004; 70: 379-382
- Implanon. A review of clinical studies.Br J Fam Plann. 1999; 24: 3-16
- An assessment of the use of Implanon�� in three community services.J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care. 2002; 28: 193-196
- Pharmacokinetics of etonogestrel released from the contraceptive implant Implanon��.Contraception. 1998; 58: 283-288
- Contraceptive efficacy and cycle control with the Ortho Evra���/Evra��� transdermal system: the analysis of pooled data.Fertil Steril. 2002; 77: S13-S18
Article info
Publication history
Published online: October 21, 2005
Accepted:
August 11,
2005
Received:
August 1,
2005
Identification
Copyright
© 2006 Elsevier Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.