In the five decades since oral contraceptive pills and intrauterine devices (IUDs)
were introduced in the USA, at least eight additional innovative methods — including
implants, injectables, a vaginal ring, a hormonal patch, a hormonal intrauterine system,
a female condom and two nonsurgical methods of female sterilization — became available
to American women. Despite the variety of options today, unintended pregnancy continues
to be a major public health issue in the USA. The most recent National Survey of Family
Growth (NSFG) reported that nearly half of the 6.7 million pregnancies in the USA
in 2006 were unintended [
[1]
]. Sadly, this proportion has been constant for nearly three decades. Even worse, the
rates of unintended pregnancy actually increased slightly from the previous NSFG,
with rates continuing to be highest among younger women, those who are socioeconomically
disadvantaged and racial/ethnic minority groups.To read this article in full you will need to make a payment
Purchase one-time access:
Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online accessOne-time access price info
- For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
- For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'
Subscribe:
Subscribe to ContraceptionAlready a print subscriber? Claim online access
Already an online subscriber? Sign in
Register: Create an account
Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect
References
- Unintended pregnancy in the United States: incidence and disparities, 2006.Contraception. 2011; 84 ([Epub 2011/10/25]): 478-485
- Contraceptive efficacy.in: Hatcher R.A. Trussell J. Nelson A.L. Contraceptive technology: twentieth revised ed. Ardent Media, New York, NY2011: 779-863
- Effectiveness of long-acting reversible contraception.N Engl J Med. 2012; 366 ([Epub 2012/05/25]): 1998-2007
- Use of contraception in the United States: 1982–2008. National Center for Health Statistics.Vital Health Stat. 2010; 23 ([updated 5 July 2012]; Available from:)
- Changes in use of long-acting contraceptive methods in the United States, 2007–2009.Fertil Steril. 2012; 98 ([Epub 2012/07/17.]): 893-897
- Continuation of reversible contraception in teenagers and young women.Obstet Gynecol. 2012; 120 ([Epub 2012/11/22]): 1298-1305
Gemzell-Danielsson K, Schellschmidt I, Apter D. A randomized, phase II study describing the efficacy, bleeding profile, and safety of two low-dose levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine contraceptive systems and Mirena. Fertil Steril. 2012;97(3):616-22 e1-3. [Epub 2012/01/10].
- A global, randomized, phase III, pearl index study comparing the efficacy and safety of two low-dose levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine systems (LNG-IUSS) in nulliparous and parous women.Fertil Steril. 2012; 98: S5
- A multicenter, randomized, phase 3 study of two low-dose levonorgestrel contraceptive intrauterine systems (LNG-IUS): a subgroup analysis in nulliparous women.Fertil Steril. 2012; 98: S196
- A study of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system for long-term, reversible contraception.([updated August 2012]; Available from:)
- The impact of improved compliance with a weekly contraceptive transdermal system (Ortho Evra®) on contraceptive efficacy.Contraception. 2004; 69: 189-195
- Comparative Phase 3 study of AG200-15, a low-dose estrogen and levonorgestrel contraceptive patch.in: Poster Presented at the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) Annual Clinical Meeting, May2012
- Ethinyl estradiol and levonorgestrel pharmacokinetics with a low-dose transdermal contraceptive delivery system, AG200-15: a randomized controlled trial.Contraception. 2012; 85: 595-601
- Pharmacokinetics and adhesion of the Agile transdermal contraceptive patch (AG200-15) during daily exposure to external conditions of heat, humidity and exercise.Contraception. 2013; 87: 212-219
- One-year combination vaginal ring, Phase 3 study.([updated September 2012]; Available from:)
- Development and acceptability of the NES/EE CVR: a year-long, user controlled contraceptive method.in: International Conference on Family Planning: Research and Best Practices, Uganda. November 15-182009 ([updated September 2012]; Available from:)
- Over-the-counter provision of the SILCS diaphragm.in: International Conference on Family Planning: Research and Best Practices, Uganda. November 15-182009 (Available from:)
- Contraceptive efficacy, safety and acceptability of SILCS, a novel single-sized diaphragm used with contraceptive gel.Contraception. 2012; 85: 327
- Cyclofem®.([December 26, 2012]; Available from:)
- Combination injectable contraceptives for contraception.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008; ([Epub 2008/10/10.]): CD004568
Thurman A, Kimble T, Hall P, Schwartz JL, Archer DF. Medroxyprogesterone acetate and estradiol cypionate injectable suspension (Cyclofem) monthly contraceptive injection: steady-state pharmacokinetics. Contraception (in press). [Epub December 22, 2012].
- Types of combined oral contraceptives used by US women.Contraception. 2012; 86 ([Epub 2012/07/10]): 659-665
- Trends in contraceptive use.Contraception. 2013; 87: 259-263
- Contraceptive research and development.in: Hatcher R.A. Trussell J. Nelson A.L. Cates W. Kowal D. Policar M. Contraceptive technology: twentieth revised ed. Ardent Media, New York, NY2011: 513-532
- Contraception technology: past, present and future.Contraception. 2012; ([Epub 2012/09/22.])
- Would women trust their partners to use a male pill?.Hum Reprod. 2000; 15 ([Epub 2000/02/25.]): 646-649
- Potential impact of hormonal male contraception: cross-cultural implications for development of novel preparations.Hum Reprod. 2000; 15 ([Epub 2000/02/25.]): 637-645
Article info
Publication history
Published online: January 14, 2013
Accepted:
December 28,
2012
Received:
December 27,
2012
Identification
Copyright
© 2013 Elsevier Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
