Current clinical guidance is unanimous in its recommendation that pregnancy should
be ruled out prior to initiation of hormonal contraception and intrauterine devices
(IUDs) [
1
,
2
,
3
]. As a result, screening for possible pregnancy constitutes a substantial part of
the workload of family planning providers. The rationale for excluding pregnancy is
simple: to avoid providing unnecessary contraception and, in the case of the IUD (including
hormonal IUDs), to avoid possible harm to the pregnant woman or her fetus.To read this article in full you will need to make a payment
Purchase one-time access:
Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online accessOne-time access price info
- For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
- For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'
Subscribe:
Subscribe to ContraceptionAlready a print subscriber? Claim online access
Already an online subscriber? Sign in
Register: Create an account
Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect
References
- Selected practice recommendations for contraceptive use.2nd ed. World Health Organization, Geneva (Switzerland)2008 ([http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/family_planning/9241562846index/en/])
- U.S. selected practice recommendations for contraceptive use, 2013.Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2013; 62 ([http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/rr/rr62e0614.pdf]): 1-60
- Family planning: a global handbook for providers.CCP, Baltimore (MD)2007 ([Co-published by WHO. Available from: https://www.fphandbook.org/])
- Maternal use of oral contraceptives and risk of birth defects in Denmark: prospective, nationwide cohort study.BMJ. 2016; 352: h6712
- The long-term growth and development of children exposed to Depo-Provera during pregnancy or lactation.Contraception. 1992; 45: 313-324
- Oral contraception and congenital malformations in offspring: a review and meta-analysis of the prospective studies.Obstet Gynecol. 1990; 76: 552-557
- Reproductive-endocrine point-of-care testing: current status and limitations.Clin Chem Lab Med. 2010; 48: 935-942
- IDA Foundation electronic price indicator.IDA Foundation, Amsterdam2016
- Recommendations for updating selected practices in contraceptive use: results of a technical meeting.vol 1. United States Agency for International Development, Washington, DC1994
- Checklist for ruling out pregnancy among family planning clients in primary care.Lancet. 1999; 354: 566
- Does assessment of signs and symptoms add to the predictive value of an algorithm to rule out pregnancy?.J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care. 2006; 32: 27-29
- Validation of a job aid to rule out pregnancy among family planning clients in Nicaragua.Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2008; 23: 116-118
- Excluding pregnancy among women initiating antiretroviral therapy: efficacy of a family planning job aid.BMC Public Health. 2010; 10: 249
- Use of a checklist to rule out pregnancy: a systematic review.Contraception. 2013; 87: 661-665
- Performance of a checklist to exclude pregnancy at the time of contraception initiation among women with a negative urine pregnancy test.Contraception. 2015; 91: 80-84
- Ruling out pregnancy among family planning clients: the impact of a checklist in three countries.Stud Fam Plann. 2005; 36: 311-315
- Improving adherence to family planning guidelines in Kenya: an experiment.Int J Qual Health Care. 2007; 19: 68-73
- A missed opportunity for care: two-visit IUD insertion protocols inhibit placement.Contraception. 2012; : 694-697
- Immediate postabortion access to IUDs, implants and DMPA reduces repeat pregnancy within 1 year in a New York City practice.Contraception. 2014; 89: 103-108
- A pocket guide to managing contraception.Bridging the Gap Foundation, Tiger, Ga2005: 135
- Database of family planning and maternal health Commodities in National Essential Medicines Lists.
- Providing free pregnancy test kits to community health workers increases distribution of contraceptives: results from an impact evaluation in Madagascar.. 2016; 98: 44-51
- Glob Health Sci Pract. 2013; 1: 294
- Traditional birthspacing practices and uptake of family planning during the postpartum period in Ouagadougou: qualitative results.Int Perspect Sex Reprod Health. 2014; 40: 87-94
- Getting to 70%: barriers to modern contraceptive use for women in Rwanda.Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2013; 123: e11-e15
- Does free pregnancy testing reduce service denial?.Glob Health Sci Pract. 2013; 1: 382-388
- Bleeding patterns after immediate vs. conventional oral contraceptive initiation: a randomized, controlled trial.Fertil Steril. 2003; 79: 322-329
- Initiating hormonal contraception.Am Fam Physician. 2006; 74: 105-112
- Initiation of oral contraceptives using a quick start compared with a conventional start.Obstet Gynecol. 2007; 109: 1270-1276
Culwell K. Immediate start of hormonal contraceptives for contraception: RHL commentary. 2009. The WHO reproductive health library; Geneva: World Health Organization.
Article info
Publication history
Published online: November 22, 2016
Accepted:
November 16,
2016
Received in revised form:
November 9,
2016
Received:
June 7,
2016
Identification
Copyright
© 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.