Timely access to contraception is vitally important after childbirth. One third of
US pregnancies are conceived less than 18 months after a prior birth [
[1]
]. These short-interval pregnancies are often unintended and are associated with increased
risk of adverse maternal and child health outcomes [
2
,
3
,
4
,
5
,
6
,
7
,
8
].To read this article in full you will need to make a payment
Purchase one-time access:
Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online accessOne-time access price info
- For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
- For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'
Subscribe:
Subscribe to ContraceptionAlready a print subscriber? Claim online access
Already an online subscriber? Sign in
Register: Create an account
Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect
References
- Healthy people 2020.(Available at:) ([Accessed on 8/21/16])
- Effects of birth spacing on maternal, perinatal, infant, and child health: a systematic review of causal mechanisms.Stud Fam Plann. 2012; 43: 93-114
- Birth spacing and risk of adverse perinatal outcomes: a meta-analysis.JAMA. 2006; 295: 1809-1823
- The impact of short interpregnancy intervals on pregnancy outcomes in a low-income population.Am J Public Health. 1998; 88: 1182-1185
- Effect of the interval between pregnancies on perinatal outcomes among white and black women.Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2001; 185: 1403-1410
- Effect of interpregnancy interval on infant low birth weight: a retrospective cohort study using the Michigan maternally linked birth database.Matern Child Health J. 2003; 7: 169-178
- Effect of the interval between pregnancies on perinatal outcomes.N Engl J Med. 1999; 340: 589-594
- Contraception after delivery and short interpregnancy intervals among women in the United States.Obstet Gynecol. 2015; 125: 1471-1477
- Interpregnancy intervals: impact of postpartum contraceptive effectiveness and coverage.Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2014; 210: 311.e1-311.e8
- Obstet Gynecol. 2016; 128: e32-e37
- Obstet Gynecol. 2015; 125: 250-255
- Postpartum use of long-acting reversible contraception in a military treatment facility.J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2012; 21: 388-392
- Characteristics associated with interest in long-acting reversible contraception in a postpartum population.Contraception. 2013; 88: 52-57
- Rapid repeat pregnancy in adolescents: do immediate postpartum contraceptive implants make a difference?.Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2012; 206: 481.e1-481.e7
- Personalized contraceptive assistance and uptake of long-acting, reversible contraceptives by postpartum women: a randomized, controlled trial.Contraception. 2013; 88: 45-51
- Advocating for immediate postpartum LARC: increasing access, improving outcomes, and decreasing cost.Contraception. 2014; 90: 468-471
- Clinical outcomes of early postplacental insertion of intrauterine contraceptive devices.Contraception. 2004; 69: 279-282
- Etonogestrel implant in postpartum adolescents: bleeding pattern, efficacy and discontinuation rate.Contraception. 2010; 82: 256-259
- Preventing repeat pregnancy in adolescents: is immediate postpartum insertion of the contraceptive implant cost effective?.Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2014; 211: 24.e1-24.e7
- Long acting reversible contraception in postpartum adolescents: early initiation of etonogestrel implant is superior to IUDs in the outpatient setting.J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 2012; 25: 59-63
- A randomised clinical trial to assess satisfaction with the levonorgestrel- releasing intrauterine system inserted at caesarean section compared to postpartum placement.Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2015; 55: 279-283
- Cost-effectiveness of immediate compared with delayed postpartum etonogestrel implant insertion.Obstet Gynecol. 2015; 126: 47-55
- Cost–benefit analysis of state- and hospital-funded postpartum intrauterine contraception at a university hospital for recent immigrants to the United States.Contraception. 2010; 81: 304-308
- Timing of postpartum intrauterine device placement: a cost-effectiveness analysis.Fertil Steril. 2015; 103: 131-137
- U.S. medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use, 2016.MMWR Recomm Rep. 2016; 65: 1-104https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.rr6503a1
- Obstet Gynecol. 2011; 118: 184-196
- Barriers to intrauterine device insertion in postpartum women.Contraception. 2005; 72: 426-429
- Unmet demand for highly effective postpartum contraception in Texas.Contraception. 2014; 90: 488-495
- Postpartum intrauterine device insertion and postpartum tubal sterilization in the United States.Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2012; 206: 127.e1-127.e7
- Global fee prohibits postpartum provision of the most effective reversible contraceptives.Contraception. 2014; 90: 466-467
- Characterization of Medicaid policy for immediate postpartum contraception.Contraception. 2015; 92: 523-531
- Medicaid reimbursement for postpartum LARC by state.(Available at:) ([Accessed on 8/13/2016])
- CMCS informational bulletin: state Medicaid payment approaches to improve access to long-acting reversible contraception.(Available at) ([Accessed on August 13, 2016])
- Medicaid administrator experiences with the implementation of immediate postpartum long-acting reversible contraception.Womens Health Issues. 2016;
- Working with state health departments on emerging issues in maternal and child health: immediate postpartum long-acting reversible contraceptives.J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2015; 24: 693-701
- Barriers to immediate post-placental intrauterine devices among attending level educators.Womens Health Issues. 2015; 25: 355-358
- Challenges in translating evidence to practice: the provision of intrauterine contraception.Obstet Gynecol. 2008; 111: 1359-1369
- Impact of years of clinical experience on perceived contraindications and barriers to the use of LARC: a survey of family planning providers.Womens Health Issues. 2014; 24: 503-509
- Postpartum contraception: an exploratory study of lactation consultants' knowledge and practices.Contraception. 2016; 94: 87-92
- Long-acting reversible contraception.(Available at:) ([Accessed on 8/22/2016])
- Comfort with skills and knowledge after immediate postpartum intrauterine device training.Obstet Gynecol. 2016; 128: 6s-11s
Article info
Publication history
Published online: November 29, 2016
Accepted:
November 22,
2016
Received in revised form:
November 11,
2016
Received:
June 21,
2016
Identification
Copyright
© 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
